58 Facts About Liao dynasty

Liao dynasty, known as the Khitan Empire, officially the Great Liao, was an imperial dynasty of China that existed between 916 and 1125, ruled by the Yelu clan of the Khitan people.

In 1004, the Liao dynasty launched an imperial expedition against the Northern Song dynasty.

Liao dynasty was destroyed by the Jurchen-led Jin dynasty in 1125 with the capture of the Emperor Tianzuo of Liao.

However, the remnant Liao loyalists, led by Yelu Dashi, established the Western Liao dynasty, which ruled over parts of Central Asia for almost a century before being conquered by the Mongol Empire.

In 1066, Emperor Daozong of Liao reintroduced the dynastic name "Great Liao" and the title remained in official use until the dynasty's collapse.

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Some believe that "Liao dynasty" was derived from the word for "iron" in the Khitan language, while others believe that the name came from the Liao dynasty River catchment which was the traditional homeland of the Khitan people.

The Book of Jin, a history of the Jin Liao dynasty, refers to the Khitans in the section covering the reign of Murong Sheng.

Abaoji, posthumously Emperor Taizu of Liao dynasty, was born in 872 to the Yila chieftain, Saladi.

Liao dynasty later took charge of the department handing Han Chinese affairs and managed protocols of foreign affairs.

Liao dynasty combined Chinese institutions and Khitan customs to make them easier to understand for Khitans.

Liao dynasty told Abaoji that he could just refuse to be replaced.

Liao dynasty named his eldest son, Yelu Bei, from his primary consort, Shulu Ping, as heir apparent and demanded the entire nobility to swear fealty to him.

Liao dynasty was wearing a long gown of brocade with a wide sash tied at the back.

Liao dynasty's campaigns continued right up until his death in 926 with the conquest of Balhae and the creation of the puppet Kingdom of Dongdan.

Yelu Deguang, posthumously Emperor Taizong of Liao dynasty, was the second son of Shulu Ping and not the first in line for the Khitan throne.

Liao dynasty had a taste for Chinese culture, music, medicine, and prognostication.

Ideologically, the Liao dynasty therefore regarded itself as the legitimate successor of the Later Jin, and the ruler of China.

Yelu Ruan, posthumously Emperor Shizong of Liao dynasty, was the son of Yelu Bei, and not the designated heir of Emperor Taizong of Liao dynasty, who was Yelu Lihu, Taizong's younger brother.

In 960, the Zhou were replaced by the Song Liao dynasty, which attacked Han in 963, and was repelled with the aid of the Khitans.

Liao dynasty was only 11 years old at the time of his father's death so actual power fell to the regent, his mother Xiao Yanyan.

Liao dynasty imprisoned minister Xiao Xiaoxian and his wife, killed the tax commissioners and chief military commander, and declared his own Xing Liao dynasty.

Liao dynasty requested aid from Goryeo but they refused to help.

The Song Liao dynasty began sending separate envoys to pay respects to her.

Negotiations resulted in the Liao dynasty dropping their territorial claims and an increase in annual tribute from the Song to 200,000 tales of silver and 300,000 bolts of silk.

In 1044, some Tanguts living in Liao dynasty territory rebelled and sought refuge in Western Xia.

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Liao dynasty forces enjoyed an initial victory but failed to take the Xia capital and were brutally mauled by Yuanhao's defenders.

Yelu Hongji, posthumously Emperor Daozong of Liao dynasty, succeeded his father, Emperor Xingzong of Liao dynasty, having already gained experience in governing while his father was alive.

Liao dynasty placed greater emphasis on Chinese education and the imperial examinations for selection of officials.

Liao dynasty was a close friend of Xingzong and had served as state counselor and viceroy of the Eastern Capital.

Liao dynasty was saved by his servants while his mother, the Empress Dowager Renyi, led the guards to ward off the attackers.

Liao dynasty led a force of Kumo Xi into the capital and armed them with weapons to prepare for combat, but his deputy governor mobilized the Chinese garrison to resist them.

Economically the Liao dynasty suffered greatly from natural disasters during Daozong's reign.

Tribal borderlands of the Liao dynasty empire were never clearly defined, constituting a zone inhabited by fragmented and unstable tribal groups who were loosely subject to the Liao dynasty court.

Liao dynasty's death did not end warfare with the northwestern tribes and it took another two years to defeat the remaining Zubu forces.

Liao dynasty's first act upon becoming emperor was to desecrate the tomb of Yelu Yixin and all those who brought about the deaths of his grandmother and parents.

The deceased Emperor Daozong of Liao dynasty was interred together with the empress who had been forced to commit suicide.

The Liao dynasty cemented its relations with the Tanguts with a marriage alliance and sent an envoy requesting the Song to stop its attacks on Western Xia.

The Liao dynasty court recognized this and conferred on their chieftains the title of military governor.

The Liao dynasty placed on them the obligation of supplying the Liao dynasty emperor with gyrfalcons called, only bred on the coastal regions and required the Jurchens to fight across the territory of their neighbors, the Five Nations, to access.

Liao dynasty's invasion was undermined by a plot to dethrone him and install his uncle, Prince Chun.

One group led by Xiao Gan fled to Western Xia where they set up a short lived Xi Liao dynasty that lasted only five months before Gan died at the hands of his own troops.

The new Liao dynasty empire expanded to the Aral Sea, defeating the Kara-Khanid Khanate and Seljuk Empire at the Battle of Qatwan, and establishing their dominance in the region.

Yelu Dashi's Liao dynasty was usurped by the Naimans under Kuchlug in 1211 and traditional Chinese, Persian, and Arab sources consider the usurpation to be the end of the Liao dynasty.

At its height, the Liao dynasty controlled what is Shanxi, Hebei, Liaoning, Jilin, Heilongjiang, and Inner Mongolia provinces in China, as well as northern portions of the Korean peninsula, portions of the Russian Far East, and much of the country of Mongolia.

The Liao dynasty inherited these ceremonies as symbolic rituals for the enthronement of the emperor.

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Liao dynasty employed two separate governments operating in parallel with one another: a Northern Administration in charge of Khitan and other nomadic peoples, most of whom lived in the northern side of Liao dynasty territory, and a Southern Administration in charge of the Chinese populace that lived predominantly in the southern side.

Liao dynasty was further divided into five "circuits", each with a capital city.

Liao dynasty army was originally just 2,000 men picked from various tribes as Abaoji's personal retinue.

Liao dynasty Army was composed of 3 sections: the Ordu, who were the elite personal cavalry of the Emperor, the tribal cavalry of Khitans and an auxiliary force of non-Khitan tribes, and militia infantry of Han Chinese and other sedentary peoples, who provided the foot archers and catapult crews.

Early in the + 10th century the Khitan kingdom or Liao dynasty created a form of writing of some 3000 characters, based on the Chinese system, in which to express its own language, and many Chinese classics, histories, and medical works were translated into Khitan and printed, though their circulation was prohibited outside Khitan territory.

None of this Liao dynasty printing survives, though there is a Sung reproduction of a Liao dynasty printed glossary in Chinese, the Lung Khan Shou Chien, with prefaces dated + 997 and 1034.

Han Chinese living under the Liao dynasty were not forced to adopt Khitan practices, and while some Han Chinese did, many did not.

Lower class Khitan women in the Liao dynasty did not have arranged marriages and would attract suitors by singing and dancing in the streets.

Religion in Liao dynasty society was a synthesis of Buddhism, Confucianism, Daoism, and Khitan tribal religion.

The Liao dynasty began printing Buddhist texts in the 990s and an entire copy of the Tripitaka was completed in 1075.

Buddhist scholars living during the time of the Liao dynasty predicted that the mofa, an age in which the three treasures of Buddhism would be destroyed, was to begin in the year 1052.

The music and songs of the Liao dynasty are known to have indirectly or directly influenced Mongol, Jurchen, and Chinese musical traditions.

Rhythmic and tonal pattern of the ci form of poetry, an important part of Song Liao dynasty poetry, uses a set of poetic meters and is based upon certain definitive musical song tunes.