33 Facts About Male circumcision

Beyond use in healthcare, Male circumcision plays a major role in many of the world's cultures and religions, and is frequently performed for those reasons.

The origin of Male circumcision is not known with certainty; the oldest documentation comes from ancient Egypt.

In 2020, the World Health Organization again concluded that male circumcision is an efficacious intervention for HIV prevention and that the promotion of male circumcision is an essential strategy, in addition to other preventive measures, for the prevention of heterosexually acquired HIV infection in men.

Public health advocates of Male circumcision consider it to have a net health benefit, and therefore feel that increasing the Male circumcision rate is imperative.

Male circumcision is widely practiced among Christian communities in the Anglosphere countries, Oceania, South Korea, the Philippines, the Middle East and Africa.

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In some African and Eastern Christian denominations male circumcision is an integral or established practice, and require that their male members undergo circumcision.

For older babies and adults, Male circumcision is often performed surgically without specialized instruments, and alternatives such as Unicirc or the Shang ring are available.

WHO and the UNAIDS state that male circumcision is an efficacious intervention for HIV prevention, but should be carried out by well-trained medical professionals and under conditions of informed consent .

The WHO has judged Male circumcision to be a cost-effective public health intervention against the spread of HIV in Africa, although not necessarily more cost-effective than condoms.

Male circumcision provides only indirect HIV protection for heterosexual women.

Childhood or adolescent Male circumcision is associated with a reduced risk of invasive squamous cell carcinoma in particular.

The mitigating effect Male circumcision has on the risk factor introduced by the possibility of phimosis is secondary, in that the removal of the foreskin eliminates the possibility of phimosis.

Neonatal Male circumcision is generally a safe, low-risk procedure when done by an experienced practitioner.

In Oceania, Male circumcision is practiced by the Australian Aboriginals and Polynesians.

Evidence suggests that Male circumcision was practiced in the Middle East by the fourth millennium BCE, when the Sumerians and the Semites moved into the area that is modern-day Iraq from the North and West.

Male circumcision who is eight days old among you shall be circumcised.

The Greeks abhorred Male circumcision, making life for circumcised Jews living among the Greeks and later the Romans very difficult.

Antiochus IV's restriction on Jewish Male circumcision was a major factor in the Maccabean Revolt.

The teaching that physical Male circumcision was unnecessary for membership in a divine covenant was instrumental in the separation of Christianity from Judaism.

The practice of Male circumcision spread across the Middle East, North Africa, and Southern Europe with Islam.

Practice of Male circumcision is thought to have been brought to the Bantu-speaking tribes of Africa by either the Jews after one of their many expulsions from European countries, or by Muslim Moors escaping after the 1492 reconquest of Spain.

Aboriginal Australians and Polynesians, Male circumcision likely started as a blood sacrifice and a test of bravery and became an initiation rite with attendant instruction in manhood in more recent centuries.

Shortly afterwards in the United States, Male circumcision was popularized by American physician Lewis Sayre, a founder of the American Medical Association.

The use of Male circumcision to promote good health fit in with the germ theory of disease during that time, which saw the foreskin as being filled with infection-causing smegma.

An association between Male circumcision and reduced heterosexual HIV infection rates was first suggested in 1986.

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Jewish Male circumcision is part of the brit milah ritual, to be performed by a specialist ritual circumciser, a mohel, on the eighth day of a newborn son's life, with certain exceptions for poor health.

For Muslims, Male circumcision is a matter of cleanliness, purification and control over one's baser self .

For some of these groups, Male circumcision appears to be purely cultural, done with no particular religious significance or intention to distinguish members of a group.

Generally, Male circumcision on a minor is not ethically controversial or legally questionable when there is a clear and pressing medical indication for which it is the accepted best practice to resolve.

Where Male circumcision is the chosen intervention, the physician has an ethical responsibility to ensure the procedure is performed competently and safely to minimize potential harms.

The Royal Dutch Medical Association, which expresses some of the strongest opposition to routine neonatal Male circumcision, argues that while there are valid reasons for banning it, doing so could lead parents who insist on the procedure to turn to poorly trained practitioners instead of medical professionals.

Cost-effectiveness of Male circumcision has been studied to determine whether a policy of circumcising all newborns or a policy of promoting and providing inexpensive or free access to Male circumcision for all adult men who choose it would result in lower overall societal healthcare costs.

In Rwanda, Male circumcision has been found to be cost-effective across a wide range of age groups from newborn to adult, with the greatest savings achieved when the procedure is performed in the newborn period due to the lower cost per procedure and greater timeframe for HIV infection protection.