52 Facts About MDMA

MDMA is commonly associated with dance parties, raves, and electronic dance music.

MDMA is illegal in most countries and has limited approved medical uses in a small number of countries.

For example, MDMA used at parties is associated with high motor activity, reduced sense of identity, and poor awareness of surroundings.

MDMA has been described as an "empathogenic" drug because of its empathy-producing effects.

The effect of MDMA increasing sociability is consistent, while its effects on empathy have been more mixed.

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MDMA is often considered the drug of choice within the rave culture and is used at clubs, festivals, and house parties.

The psychedelic amphetamine quality of MDMA offers multiple appealing aspects to users in the rave setting.

MDMA is used less often than other stimulants, typically less than once per week.

MDMA is sometimes taken in conjunction with other psychoactive drugs such as LSD, psilocybin mushrooms, 2C-B, and ketamine.

In 2017 the United States Food and Drug Administration approved limited research on MDMA-assisted psychotherapy for post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD), with some preliminary evidence that MDMA may facilitate psychotherapy efficacy for PTSD.

Small doses of MDMA are used by some religious practitioners as an entheogen to enhance prayer or meditation.

MDMA has been used as an adjunct to New Age spiritual practices.

MDMA is sold in the form of the hydrochloride salt, either as loose crystals or in gelcaps.

Cases of life-threatening or fatal hyponatremia have developed in MDMA users attempting to prevent dehydration by consuming excessive amounts of water without replenishing electrolytes.

Elevations in brain temperature from MDMA use are positively correlated with MDMA-induced neurotoxicity.

At high doses, MDMA induces a neuroimmune response that, through several mechanisms, increases the permeability of the blood-brain barrier, thereby making the brain more susceptible to environmental toxins and pathogens.

MDMA induces cardiac epigenetic changes in DNA methylation, particularly hypermethylation changes.

MDMA has been shown to induce ?FosB in the nucleus accumbens.

MDMA is less addictive than other stimulants such as methamphetamine and cocaine.

In utero exposure to MDMA is associated with a neuro- and cardiotoxicity and impaired motor functioning.

The efficacy of MDMA inhibition is highest towards NET and SERT, and is much less towards DAT.

R-MDMA has notable agonism towards 5-HT2AR, which supposedly contributes to the mild psychedelic hallucinations induced by high doses of MDMA in humans.

MDMA racemate is a partial agonist towards human TAAR1, but this is not physiologically relevant due to low EC50.

The duration of action of MDMA is usually four to six hours, after which serotonin levels in the brain are depleted.

MDMA is a chiral compound and has been almost exclusively administered as a racemate.

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Likewise, the plasma half-life of-MDMA was significantly longer than that of the (S)-enantiomer (5.

MDMA is in the substituted methylenedioxyphenethylamine and substituted amphetamine classes of chemicals.

The most common salt of MDMA is the hydrochloride salt; pure MDMA hydrochloride is water-soluble and appears as a white or off-white powder or crystal.

MDMA was first synthesized in 1912 by Merck chemist Anton Kollisch.

MDMA was an intermediate compound in the synthesis of methylhydrastinine.

In 1927, Max Oberlin studied the pharmacology of MDMA while searching for substances with effects similar to adrenaline or ephedrine, the latter being structurally similar to MDMA.

MDMA was found to have effects on blood sugar levels comparable to high doses of ephedrine.

Oberlin concluded that the effects of MDMA were not limited to the sympathetic nervous system.

MDMA may have been in non-medical use in the western United States in 1968.

An August 1970 report at a meeting of crime laboratory chemists indicates MDMA was being used recreationally in the Chicago area by 1970.

MDMA likely emerged as a substitute for its analog methylenedioxyamphetamine, a drug at the time popular among users of psychedelics which was made a Schedule 1 substance in the United States in 1970.

When he tried the drug in 1977, Zeff was impressed with the effects of MDMA and came out of his semi-retirement to promote its use in therapy.

Psychotherapists who used MDMA believed the drug eliminated the typical fear response and increased communication.

Early MDMA distributors were deterred from large scale operations by the threat of possible legislation.

Small recreational market for MDMA developed by the late 1970s, consuming perhaps 10, 000 doses in 1976.

MDMA could be purchased via credit card and taxes were paid on sales.

MDMA was openly distributed in Austin and Dallas–Fort Worth area bars and nightclubs, becoming popular with yuppies, college students, and gays.

In 1985 the World Health Organization's Expert Committee on Drug Dependence recommended that MDMA be placed in Schedule I of the 1971 United Nations Convention on Psychotropic Substances.

In 1985, MDMA use became associated with acid house on the Spanish island of Ibiza.

Illicit MDMA use became increasingly widespread among young adults in universities and later, in high schools.

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Since the mid-1990s, MDMA has become the most widely used amphetamine-type drug by college students and teenagers.

MDMA became one of the four most widely used illicit drugs in the US, along with cocaine, heroin, and cannabis.

In 2017 it was found that some pills being sold as MDMA contained pentylone, which can cause very unpleasant agitation and paranoia.

MDMA is legally controlled in most of the world under the UN Convention on Psychotropic Substances and other international agreements, although exceptions exist for research and limited medical use.

In Canada, MDMA is listed as a Schedule 1 as it is an analogue of amphetamine.

MDMA is particularly expensive in Australia, costing A$15–A$30 per tablet.

Potential for MDMA to be used as a rapid-acting antidepressant has been studied in clinical trials, but as of 2017 the evidence on efficacy and safety were insufficient to reach a conclusion.