29 Facts About Yaqui

Pascua Yaqui Tribe, based in Tucson, Arizona, is the only federally recognized Yaqui tribe in the United States.

Yaqui speak a Cahitan language, a group of about 10 mutually-intelligible languages formerly spoken in much of the states of Sonora and Sinaloa.

Yaqui call themselves Hiaki or Yoeme, the Yaqui word for person.

The Yaqui call their homeland Hiakim, from which some say the name "Yaqui" is derived.

Yaqui is a tonal language, with a tonal accent on either the first or the second syllable of the word.

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Some Yaqui lived near the mouth of the river and lived off of the resources of the sea.

Yaqui lived in a mutually advantageous relationship with the Jesuits for 120 years.

The Jesuit rule over the Yaqui was stern but the Yaqui retained their land and their unity as a people.

Yaqui prospered and the missionaries were allowed to extend their activities further north.

The Jesuit success was facilitated by the fact that the nearest Spanish settlement was 100 miles away and the Yaqui were able to avoid interaction with Spanish settlers, soldiers and miners.

The Jesuits persuaded the Yaqui to settle into eight towns: Bacum, Benem, Cocorit, Huirivis, Potam, Rahum, Torim, and Vicam.

An uneasy peace between the Spaniards and the Yaqui endured for many years after the revolt, with the Yaqui maintaining their tight-knit organization and most of their independence from Spanish and, after 1821, Mexican rule.

Yaqui supported the French during the brief reign of Maximilian I of Mexico in the 1860s.

Under the leadership of Jose Maria Leyva, known as Cajeme, the Yaqui continued the struggle to maintain their independence until 1887, when Cajeme was caught and executed.

Yaqui were impoverished by a new series of wars as the Mexican government adopted a policy of confiscation and distribution of Yaqui lands.

Many Yaqui were sold at 60 pesos a head to the owners of sugar cane plantations in Oaxaca and the tobacco planters of the Valle Nacional, while thousands more were sold to the henequen plantation owners of the Yucatan.

Yaqui women were allowed to marry only non-native Chinese workers.

Many Yaqui living in southern Arizona regularly returned to Sonora after working and earning money in the U S, often for the purpose of smuggling firearms and ammunition to those Yaqui still fighting the Mexican government.

Thus, the Yaqui continued to maintain a degree of independence from Mexican rule.

In 1939, the Yaqui produced 3, 500 tons of wheat, 500 tons of maize, and 750 tons of beans; whereas, in 1935, they had produced only 250 tons of wheat and no maize or beans.

The Yaqui who lived in the Rio Yaqui region and in coastal areas of Sonora and Sinaloa fished as well as farmed.

The Yaqui Indians have been historically described as quite tall in stature.

Traditionally, a Yaqui house consisted of three rectangular sections: the bedroom, the kitchen, and a living room, called the "portal".

Much Yaqui ritual is centered upon perfecting these worlds and eliminating the harm that has been done to them, especially by people.

Many Yaqui have combined such ideas with their practice of Catholicism, and believe that the existence of the world depends on their annual performance of the Lenten and Easter rituals.

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Yaqui religion, which is a syncretic religion of old Yaqui beliefs and practices, and the Christian teachings of Jesuit missionaries, relies upon song, music, prayer, and dancing, all performed by designated members of the community.

Under Valencia and Raymond Ybarra, the Pascua Yaqui Association developed homes and other infrastructure at the site.

The Pascua Yaqui Tribe was the last Tribe recognized prior to the BIA Federal Acknowledgement Process established in 1978.

Texas Band of Yaqui Indians is an unrecognized group of individuals identify as Mountain Yaqui descendants that is based in Lubbock, Texas.