18 Facts About Indus

Indus is a transboundary river of Asia and a trans-Himalayan river of South and Central Asia.

Early historical kingdoms that arose in the Indus Valley include Gandhara, and the Ror dynasty of Sauvira.

Indus River provides key water resources for Pakistan's economy – especially the breadbasket of Punjab province, which accounts for most of the nation's agricultural production, and Sindh.

Ultimate source of the Indus is in Tibet, but there is some debate about the exact source.

Indus is one of the few rivers in the world to exhibit a tidal bore.

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The Indus system is largely fed by the snow and glaciers of the Himalayas, Karakoram and the Hindu Kush ranges.

The first West Eurasian empire to annex the Indus Valley was the Persian Empire, during the reign of Darius the Great.

The Indus Valley was later dominated by the Mauryan and Kushan Empires, Indo-Greek Kingdoms, Indo-Scythians and Hepthalites.

Indus is an antecedent river, meaning that it existed before the Himalayas and entrenched itself while they were rising.

Indus river feeds the Indus submarine fan, which is the second largest sediment body on the Earth.

Analysis of sediments from the Arabian Sea has demonstrated that prior to five million years ago the Indus was not connected to these Punjab rivers which instead flowed east into the Ganga and were captured after that time.

The delta of this proto-Indus river has subsequently been found in the Katawaz Basin, on the Afghan-Pakistan border.

In November 2011, satellite images showed that the Indus river had re-entered India, feeding Great Rann of Kutch, Little Rann of Kutch and a lake near Ahmedabad known as Nal Sarovar.

The smooth-coated otters in the Indus River represent a subspecies found nowhere else, the Sindh otter.

In some upland lakes and tributaries of the Punjab region snowtrout and mahseer are still common, but once the Indus basin reaches its lower plain the former group is entirely absent and the latter are rare.

Indus is the most important supplier of water resources to the Punjab and Sindh plains – it forms the backbone of agriculture and food production in Pakistan.

The extensive linking of tributaries with the Indus has helped spread water resources to the valley of Peshawar, in the Khyber Pakhtunkhwa.

Ethnicities of the Indus Valley have a greater amount of ANI admixture than other South Asians, including inputs from Western Steppe Herders, with evidence of more sustained and multi-layered migrations from the west.