29 Facts About Phoenician art

The territory of the Phoenician art city-states extended and shrank throughout their history and they possessed several enclaves such as Arwad and Tell Sukas.

The core region in which the Phoenician art culture developed and thrived stretched from Tripoli and Byblos in northern Lebanon to Mount Carmel in modern Israel.

Beyond its homeland, the Phoenician art civilization extended to the Mediterranean from Cyprus to the Iberian Peninsula.

Phoenician art hacksilver dated to this period bears lead isotope ratios matching ores in Sardinia and Spain, indicating the extent of Phoenician art trade networks.

The Phoenician influence was visible in the "orientalization" of Greek cultural and artistic conventions.

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Phoenician art rose to power in 858 BC and began a series of campaigns against neighboring states.

The Phoenician art city-states fell under his rule, forced to pay heavy tribute in money, goods, and natural resources.

Phoenician art area was later divided into four vassal kingdoms—Sidon, Tyre, Arwad, and Byblos—which were allowed considerable autonomy.

Local Phoenician art kings were allowed to remain in power and given the same rights as Persian satraps, such as hereditary offices and minting their coins.

Tyre's refusal to allow Alexander to visit its temple to MelqPhoenician art, culminating in the killing of his envoys, led to a brutal reprisal: 2, 000 of its leading citizens were crucified and a puppet ruler was installed.

However, there was no organized Hellenization in Phoenicia, and with one or two minor exceptions, all Phoenician art city-states retained their native names, while Greek settlement and administration appear to have been very limited.

The Phoenician art homeland was repeatedly contested by the Ptolemaic Kingdom of Egypt during the forty-year Syrian Wars, coming under Ptolemaic rule in the third century BC.

Some Phoenician art regions were under the control and influence of the Jews, who revolted and succeeded in defeating Seleucids in 164 BC.

Mining operations in the Phoenician art homeland were limited; iron was the only metal of any worth.

Wine played an important part in Phoenician religion, serving as the principal beverage for offerings and sacrifice.

Phoenician art settlement was primarily concentrated in Cyprus, Sicily, Sardinia, Malta, northwest Africa, the Balearic Islands, and southern Iberia.

Phoenician art city-states were fiercely independent in both domestic and foreign affairs.

At least in its earlier stages, Phoenician art society was highly stratified and predominantly monarchical.

Phoenician art kings did not commemorate their reign through sculptures or monuments.

Phoenician art'storians have determined a clear line of succession over centuries for some city-states, notably Byblos and Tyre.

Phoenician art language was a member of the Canaanite branch of the Northwest Semitic languages.

The name Phoenician art is by convention given to inscriptions beginning around 1050 BC, because Phoenician art, Hebrew, and other Canaanite dialects were largely indistinguishable before that time.

Phoenician art inscriptions are found in Lebanon, Syria, Israel, Palestine, Cyprus and other locations, as late as the early centuries of the Christian era.

However, it is more plausible that Phoenician art immigrants brought it to Crete, whence it gradually diffused northwards.

Phoenician art was largely centered on ornamental objects, particularly jewelry, pottery, glassware, and reliefs.

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Phoenician art was highly influenced by many cultures, primarily Egypt, Greece, and Assyria.

Phoenician art differed from its contemporaries in its continuance of Bronze Age conventions well into the Iron Age, such as terracotta masks.

Phoenician art appears to have been indelibly tied to Phoenician commercial interests.

At least one woman, UnmiashtPhoenician art, is recorded to have ruled Sidon in the fifth century BC.