1. President James Madison took careful notes on each confederation's structure and operations, specifically commenting on the deficiencies he perceived in each.
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2. President James Madison was one of the primary creators of the United States Constitution and the Bill of Rights.
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3. President James Madison made a major contribution to the ratification of the Constitution by writing, with Alexander Hamilton and John Jay, the Federalist essays.
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4. President James Madison is widely regarded as one of the most important Founding Fathers of the United States.
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5. President James Madison believed the adoption of European-style agriculture would help Native Americans assimilate the values of British-US civilization.
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6. President James Madison approved federal spending on the Cumberland Road, which provided a link to the country's western lands, but in his last act before leaving office, he blocked further federal spending on internal improvements by vetoing the Bonus Bill of 1817.
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9. Early in his presidency, President James Madison sought to continue Jefferson's policies of low taxes and a reduction of the national debt.
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17. President James Madison issued the Report of 1800, which attacked the Alien and Sedition Acts as unconstitutional but disregarded Jefferson's theory of nullification.
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18. The British West Indies, President James Madison maintained, could not live without American foodstuffs, but Americans could easily do without British manufactures.
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21. President James Madison played a major role in establishing and staffing the three Cabinet departments, and his influence helped Thomas Jefferson become the inaugural Secretary of State.
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23. At the request of Washington, President James Madison sought a seat in the US Senate, but the state legislature instead elected two Anti-Federalist allies of Patrick Henry.
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24. President James Madison helped arrange the 1785 Mount Vernon Conference, which settled disputes regarding navigation rights on the Potomac River and served as a model for future interstate conferences.
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25. President James Madison came to believe that the United States could improve upon past republican experiments by virtue of its size; with so many distinct interests competing against each other, Madison hoped to minimize the abuses of majority rule.
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26. President James Madison was deeply concerned about the inability of Congress to capably conduct foreign policy, protect American trade, and foster the settlement of the lands between the Appalachian Mountains and the Mississippi River.
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27. President James Madison became a land speculator, purchasing land along the Mohawk River in a partnership with another Jefferson protege, James Monroe.
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28. President James Madison served on the Council of State from 1777 to 1779, when he was elected to the Second Continental Congress, the governing body of the United States.
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29. President James Madison believed that the British Parliament had overstepped its bounds by imposing taxation on the American colonies, and he sympathized with those who resisted British rule.
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31. President James Madison is generally considered to be one of the most important Founding Fathers of the United States, and historians have generally ranked Madison as an above-average president.
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34. President James Madison was the main force behind the ratification of the United States Bill of Rights, which enshrines guarantees of personal freedoms and rights within the Constitution.
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36. President James Madison is hailed as the "Father of the Constitution" for his pivotal role in drafting and promoting the United States Constitution and the United States Bill of Rights.
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37. President James Madison died of natural causes in Montpelier, Virginia on June 28, 1836.
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38. President James Madison would serve as secretary of state during the presidency of his friend Thomas Jefferson whom he would succeed as the fourth president of the United States in 1809 at the age of 57.
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40. President James Madison was elected to the newly formed US House of Representatives, where he served from 1789 to 1797.
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45. President James Madison joined forces with Thomas Jefferson to create the Kentucky and Virginia Resolutions in opposition to these acts.
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49. Around this time, President James Madison met Thomas Jefferson and the two became lifelong friends.
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52. President James Madison kept himself busy by running the plantation and serving on a special board to create the University of Virginia, with the help of Thomas Jefferson.
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53. President James Madison initiated the War of 1812, and served two terms in the White House with first lady Dolley Madison.
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54. President James Madison proposed that apportionment in the United States Senate be allocated by the sum of each state's free population and slave population, eventually leading to the adoption of the Three-Fifths Compromise.
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59. President James Madison helped Jefferson establish the University of Virginia, though the university was primarily Jefferson's initiative.
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62. President James Madison had presided over the expiration of the First Bank of the United States's charter in 1811.
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67. President James Madison accepted Napoleon's proposal in the hope that it would convince the British to revoke the Orders-in-Council, but the British refused to change their policies.
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79. President James Madison helped arrange for the appointment of Thomas Jefferson as the inaugural Secretary of State.
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82. Early in his tenure, President James Madison was a principal adviser of President Washington, who looked to Madison as the person who best understood the constitution.
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84. President James Madison ensured that his writings were delivered to Randolph, Mason, and other prominent Virginia anti-federalists, as those opposed to the ratification of the Constitution were known.
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86. President James Madison helped ensure that the President of the United States would have the ability to veto federal laws and would be elected independently of Congress through the Electoral College.
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87. President James Madison had hoped that a coalition of Southern states and populous Northern states would ensure the approval of a constitution largely similar to the one proposed in the Virginia Plan.
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88. President James Madison worked with his fellow members of the Virginia delegation, especially Edmund Randolph and George Mason, to create and present the plan to the convention.
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89. President James Madison helped arrange the 1785 Mount Vernon Conference, which helped settle disputes regarding navigation rights on the Potomac River and served as a model for future interstate conferences.
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91. President James Madison served in the Virginia House of Delegates from 1784 to 1786.
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94. President James Madison collaborated with the Baptist preacher Elijah Craig to promote constitutional guarantees for religious liberty in Virginia.
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98. President James Madison is hailed as the "Father of the Constitution" for his pivotal role in drafting and promoting the United States Constitution and the Bill of Rights.
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