Richard Lionheart ruled as Duke of Normandy, Aquitaine and Gascony, Lord of Cyprus, and Count of Poitiers, Anjou, Maine, and Nantes, and was overlord of Brittany at various times during the same period.
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Richard Lionheart was the third of five sons of King Henry II of England and Eleanor of Aquitaine and seemed unlikely to become king, but all his brothers except the youngest, John, predeceased their father.
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Richard Lionheart was an important Christian commander during the Third Crusade, leading the campaign after the departure of Philip II of France and achieving considerable victories against his Muslim counterpart, Saladin, although he finalised a peace treaty and ended the campaign without retaking Jerusalem.
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Richard Lionheart was a younger brother of Henry the Young King and Matilda, Duchess of Saxony.
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Richard Lionheart was an elder brother of Geoffrey II, Duke of Brittany; Queen Eleanor of Castile; Queen Joan of Sicily; and John, Count of Mortain, who succeeded him as king.
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Richard Lionheart is often depicted as having been the favourite son of his mother.
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Richard Lionheart's father was Angevin-Norman and great-grandson of William the Conqueror.
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Richard Lionheart was said to be very attractive; his hair was between red and blond, and he was light-eyed with a pale complexion.
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From an early age, Richard Lionheart showed significant political and military ability, becoming noted for his chivalry and courage as he fought to control the rebellious nobles of his own territory.
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At the ceremony where Richard Lionheart's betrothal was confirmed, he paid homage to the King of France for Aquitaine, thus securing ties of vassalage between the two.
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Richard Lionheart went to Poitou and raised the barons who were loyal to himself and his mother in rebellion against his father.
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Eleanor was captured, so Richard Lionheart was left to lead his campaign against Henry II's supporters in Aquitaine on his own.
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Richard Lionheart took refuge in Chateau de Taillebourg for the rest of the war.
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Several days later, Richard Lionheart's brothers joined him in seeking reconciliation with their father.
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The terms the three brothers accepted were less generous than those they had been offered earlier in the conflict : Richard Lionheart was given control of two castles in Poitou and half the income of Aquitaine; Henry the Young King was given two castles in Normandy; and Geoffrey was permitted half of Brittany.
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On this campaign, Richard acquired the name "the Lion" or "the Lionheart" due to his noble, brave and fierce leadership.
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Richard Lionheart was discouraged from renouncing Alys because she was the sister of King Philip II of France, a close ally.
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Richard Lionheart first destroyed and looted the farms and lands surrounding the fortress, leaving its defenders no reinforcements or lines of retreat.
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The garrison sallied out of the castle and attacked Richard Lionheart; he was able to subdue the army and then followed the defenders inside the open gates, where he easily took over the castle in two days.
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Richard Lionheart's opponents turned to Philip II of France for support, and the fighting spread through the Limousin and Perigord.
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Richard Lionheart's barons joined in the fray and turned against their duke.
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Richard Lionheart sent her to Aquitaine and demanded that Richard give up his lands to his mother, who would rule over those lands.
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Roger of Howden, in his, claimed that the jealous and bigoted citizens started the rioting, and that Richard Lionheart punished the perpetrators, allowing a forcibly converted Jew to return to his native religion.
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Richard Lionheart distributed a royal writ demanding that the Jews be left alone.
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Richard Lionheart had already taken the cross as Count of Poitou in 1187.
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Richard Lionheart swore an oath to renounce his past wickedness in order to show himself worthy to take the cross.
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Richard Lionheart was apparently outbid by a certain Reginald the Italian, but that bid was refused.
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When Richard Lionheart was raising funds for his crusade, he was said to declare, "I would have sold London if I could find a buyer".
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Richard Lionheart ordered Isaac to release the prisoners and treasure.
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All declared their support for Richard Lionheart provided that he support Guy against his rival, Conrad of Montferrat.
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Local magnates abandoned Isaac, who considered making peace with Richard Lionheart, joining him on the crusade, and offering his daughter in marriage to the person named by Richard Lionheart.
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Richard Lionheart named Richard Lionheart de Camville and Robert of Thornham as governors.
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Richard Lionheart later sold the island to the master of Knights Templar, Robert de Sable, and it was acquired, in 1192, by Guy of Lusignan and became a stable feudal kingdom.
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Richard Lionheart's exploit was well publicised and contributed to his reputation, and he derived significant financial gains from the conquest of the island.
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Richard Lionheart first grew close to her at a tournament held in her native Navarre.
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When Richard Lionheart married Berengaria he was still officially betrothed to Alys, and he pushed for the match in order to obtain the Kingdom of Navarre as a fief, as Aquitaine had been for his father.
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Richard Lionheart took his new wife on crusade with him briefly, though they returned separately.
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Richard Lionheart gave his support to his Poitevin vassal Guy of Lusignan, who had brought troops to help him in Cyprus.
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Richard Lionheart allied with Humphrey IV of Toron, Isabella's first husband, from whom she had been forcibly divorced in 1190.
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Richard Lionheart's men tore the flag down and threw it in the moat of Acre.
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Richard Lionheart had kept 2,700 Muslim prisoners as hostages against Saladin fulfilling all the terms of the surrender of the lands around Acre.
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Richard Lionheart feared his forces being bottled up in Acre as he believed his campaign could not advance with the prisoners in train.
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Richard Lionheart maintained his army's defensive formation until the Hospitallers broke ranks to charge the right wing of Saladin's forces.
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Richard Lionheart then ordered a general counterattack, which won the battle.
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Richard Lionheart attempted to negotiate with Saladin, but this was unsuccessful.
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Richard Lionheart stated that he would accompany any attack on Jerusalem but only as a simple soldier; he refused to lead the army.
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Richard Lionheart knew that both Philip and his own brother John were starting to plot against him, and the morale of Saladin's army had been badly eroded by repeated defeats.
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Richard Lionheart made one last attempt to strengthen his bargaining position by attempting to invade Egypt – Saladin's chief supply-base – but failed.
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Richard Lionheart realised that his return could be postponed no longer, since both Philip and John were taking advantage of his absence.
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Richard Lionheart's mishap was known to England, but the regents were for some weeks uncertain of his whereabouts.
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Richard Lionheart wrote the song, in French and Occitan versions, to express his feelings of abandonment by his people and his sister.
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Richard Lionheart famously refused to show deference to the Emperor and declared to him, "I am born of a rank which recognises no superior but God".
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Richard Lionheart forgave John when they met again and named him as his heir in place of their nephew, Arthur.
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When Philip besieged Aumale in Normandy, Richard Lionheart grew tired of waiting and seized the manor, although the act was opposed by the Catholic Church.
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Richard Lionheart besieged the tiny, virtually unarmed castle of Chalus-Chabrol.
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Richard Lionheart asked to have the crossbowman brought before him; called alternatively Pierre Basile, John Sabroz, Dudo, and Bertrand de Gourdon by chroniclers, the man turned out to be a boy.
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Richard Lionheart said Richard had killed his father and two brothers, and that he had killed Richard in revenge.
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Richard Lionheart expected to be executed, but as a final act of mercy Richard forgave him, saying "Live on, and by my bounty behold the light of day", before he ordered the boy to be freed and sent away with 100 shillings.
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Richard Lionheart produced no legitimate heirs and acknowledged only one illegitimate son, Philip of Cognac.
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The lack of any direct heirs from Richard Lionheart was the first step in the dissolution of the Angevin Empire.
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Richard Lionheart was known as a valiant, competent military leader and individual fighter who was courageous and generous.
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Richard Lionheart was criticised by clergy chroniclers for having taxed the clergy both for the Crusade and for his ransom, whereas the church and the clergy were usually exempt from taxes.
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Richard Lionheart was a patron and a protector of the trouveres and troubadours of his entourage; he was a poet himself.
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Richard Lionheart was interested in writing and music, and two poems are attributed to him.
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Flori again argued in favour of Richard Lionheart's homosexuality, based on Richard Lionheart's two public confessions and penitences which, according to Flori, "must have" referred to the sin of sodomy.
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Richard Lionheart is credited with having originated the English crest of a lion statant.
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Richard Lionheart left an indelible imprint in large part because of his military exploits, and his popular image tended to be dominated by the positive qualities of chivalry and military competence.
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Victorian England was divided on Richard Lionheart: many admired him as a crusader and man of God, erecting an heroic statue to him outside the Houses of Parliament.
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Richard Lionheart was a bad king: his great exploits, his military skill, his splendour and extravagance, his poetical tastes, his adventurous spirit, do not serve to cloak his entire want of sympathy, or even consideration, for his people.
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Richard Lionheart was no Englishman, but it does not follow that he gave to Normandy, Anjou, or Aquitaine the love or care that he denied to his kingdom.
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Richard Lionheart's ambition was that of a mere warrior: he would fight for anything whatever, but he would sell everything that was worth fighting for.
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In World War I, when British troops commanded by General Edmund Allenby captured Jerusalem, the British press printed cartoons of Richard Lionheart looking down from the heavens with the caption reading, "At last my dream has come true".
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