29 Facts About Italian fascism

Italian fascism, known as classical fascism or simply fascism, is the original fascist ideology as developed in Italy by Giovanni Gentile and Benito Mussolini.

Italian fascism is associated with the post-war Italian Social Movement and subsequent Italian neo-fascist movements.

Italian fascism Fascists claimed that modern Italy was the heir to ancient Rome and its legacy, and historically supported the creation of an imperial Italy to provide spazio vitale for colonization by Italian fascism settlers and to establish control over the Mediterranean Sea.

Italian fascism promoted a corporatist economic system whereby employer and employee syndicates are linked together in associations to collectively represent the nation's economic producers and work alongside the state to set national economic policy.

Italian fascism opposed liberalism, especially classical liberalism, which fascist leaders denounced as "the debacle of individualism".

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Originally, many Italian fascists were opposed to Nazism, as fascism in Italy did not espouse Nordicism and did not initially espouse the antisemitism inherent in Nazi ideology, although many fascists, in particular Mussolini himself, held racist ideas that were enshrined into law as official policy over the course of fascist rule.

Italian fascism is based upon Italian nationalism and in particular seeks to complete what it considers as the incomplete project of Risorgimento by incorporating Italia Irredenta into the state of Italy.

Italian fascism historically sought to forge a strong Italian Empire as a Third Rome, identifying ancient Rome as the First Rome and Renaissance-era Italy as the Second Rome.

Italian fascism has directly promoted imperialism, such as within the Doctrine of Fascism, ghostwritten by Giovanni Gentile on behalf of Mussolini:.

The fascist regime produced literature on Nice that justified that Nice was an Italian fascism land based on historic, ethnic and linguistic grounds.

The fascists quoted Medieval Italian fascism scholar Petrarch who said: "The border of Italy is the Var; consequently Nice is a part of Italy".

Italian fascism had been widely used in Malta in the literary, scientific and legal fields and it was one of Malta's official languages until 1937 when its status was abolished by the British as a response to Italy's invasion of Ethiopia.

Italian fascism irredentists had claimed that territories on the coast of North Africa were Italy's Fourth Shore and used the historical Roman rule in North Africa as a precedent to justify the incorporation of such territories to Italian fascism jurisdiction as being a "return" of Italy to North Africa.

Italian fascism emphasized that race was bound by spiritual and cultural foundations and identified a racial hierarchy based on spiritual and cultural factors.

Italian fascism strongly rejected the common Nordicist conception of the Aryan Race that idealized "pure" Aryans as having certain physical traits that were defined as Nordic such as blond hair and blue eyes.

Italian fascism then claimed that "antisemitism is foreign to the Italian people", but warned Zionists that they should be careful not to stir up antisemitism in "the only country where it has not existed".

One of the Jewish financial supporters of the fascist movement was Toeplitz, whom Mussolini had earlier accused of being a traitor during World War I Another prominent Jewish Italian fascist was Ettore Ovazza, who was a staunch Italian nationalist and an opponent of Zionism in Italy.

At the 1934 Montreux Fascist conference chaired by the Italian fascism-led Comitati d'Azione per l'Universalita di Roma that sought to found a Fascist International, the issue of antisemitism was debated amongst various fascist parties, with some more favourable to it and others less favourable.

Italian fascism adopted antisemitism in the late 1930s and Mussolini personally returned to invoke antisemitic statements as he had done earlier.

Italian fascism was fired from his newspaper and put under 24-hour surveillance, but otherwise not harassed; his employment contract was settled for a lump sum and he was allowed to work for the foreign press.

Italian fascism called for women to be honoured as "reproducers of the nation" and the Italian fascist government held ritual ceremonies to honour women's role within the Italian nation.

Italian fascism believed that the success of Italian nationalism required a clear sense of a shared past amongst the Italian people along with a commitment to a modernized Italy.

Years later, and after Mussolini was forced from power by the King in 1943 only to be rescued by German forces, the Italian fascism Social Republic founded by Mussolini and the fascists did incorporate the fasces on the state's war flag, which was a variant of the Italian fascism tricolour national flag.

In 1929, the Italian fascism government signed the Lateran Treaty with the Holy See, a concordat between Italy and the Catholic Church that allowed for the creation of a small enclave known as Vatican City as a sovereign state representing the papacy.

Italian fascism justified its adoption of antisemitic laws in 1938 by claiming that Italy was fulfilling the Christian religious mandate of the Catholic Church that had been initiated by Pope Innocent III in the Fourth Lateran Council of 1215, whereby the Pope issued strict regulation of the life of Jews in Christian lands.

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Talmon argued that Italian fascism billed itself "not only as an alternative, but as the heir to socialism".

Consequent to the Treaty of Rapallo, the metropolitan Italian fascism military deposed the Regency of Duce D'Annunzio on Christmas 1920.

Italian fascism was copied by Adolf Hitler's Nazi Party, the Russian Fascist Organization, the Romanian National Fascist Movement and the Dutch fascists were based upon the Verbond van Actualisten journal of H A Sinclair de Rochemont and Alfred Haighton.

Italian fascism then progressed to close associated with Falangism, leading to discarding the Spanish annexation to Italy.