Lumbee are a Native American people primarily centered in Robeson, Hoke, Cumberland and Scotland counties in North Carolina.
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37 Facts About Lumbee
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Lumbee Tribe of North Carolina is a state-recognized tribe in North Carolina numbering approximately 55,000 enrolled members.
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3.
Lumbee take their name from the Lumbee River, which winds through Robeson County.
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4.
All modern vicinities of Lumbee occupation contain numerous archaeological sites as recent as the Late Woodland period, and oral traditions about the history of some Lumbee families extend back as far in Robeson County as the mid-1700s.
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The first documented land grants made to individuals claimed to be Lumbee ancestors did not take place until the 1750s, more than a decade later.
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None of the various petitions for federal recognition by the Lumbee people has relied on the McMillan, Dial, or Eliades claims.
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7.
Land patents and deeds filed with the colonial administrations of Virginia, North Carolina, and South Carolina during that period show that individuals who claimed to be Lumbee ancestors migrated from southern parts of Virginia and northern parts of North Carolina.
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In 1790, other men with surnames since associated with Lumbee-identified descendants, such as Barnes, Braveboy, Bullard, Chavers, Cumbo, Hammonds, Lowrie, Oxendine, Strickland, and Wilkins, were listed as inhabitants of the Fayetteville District; they were all "Free Persons of Color" in the first federal census.
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Some Lumbee ancestors are believed to have been forced to aid the Confederacy as laborers.
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10.
Lumbee was reportedly seen at a funeral several years later.
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11.
Cole began a campaign of harassment against the Lumbee, claiming they were "mongrels and half-breeds" whose "race mixing" threatened to upset the established order of the segregated Jim Crow South.
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The Lumbee, led by veterans of the Second World War, decided to disrupt the rally.
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The Lumbee encircled the Klansmen, opening fire and wounding four Klansmen in the first volley, none seriously.
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The Lumbee celebrated the victory by burning Klan regalia and dancing around the open flames.
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15.
Lumbee noted that the Indians of Robeson County had developed an extensive system of schools and a political organization.
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Lumbee thought that, as state-recognized Indians, they were eligible to attend federal Indian schools.
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The Lumbee had essentially assimilated into early colonial life prior to the formation of the United States.
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In 1987, the Lumbee petitioned the United States Department of the Interior for full federal recognition.
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Lumbee resumed lobbying Congress, testifying in 1988,1989,1991 and 1993 in efforts to gain full federal recognition by congressional action.
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Some North Carolina delegation separately recommended an amendment to the 1956 Act that would enable the Lumbee to apply to the Department of Interior under the regular administrative process for recognition.
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21.
On June 3,2009, the United States House of Representatives voted 240 to 179 for federal recognition for the Lumbee tribe, acknowledging that they are descendants of the historic Cheraw tribe.
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Lumbee said the Cherokee settled in the swamps of Robeson County when the campaign ended, along with some Tuscarora captives.
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23.
Second, the Lumbee do not speak Cherokee or any other Indian language.
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Lumbee have abandoned this theory in their documentation supporting their effort to obtain federal tribal recognition.
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The federally recognized Eastern Band of Cherokee Indians categorically rejects any connection to the Lumbee, dismissing the Oxendine claims as "absurd" and disputing even that the Lumbee qualify as Native American.
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Lumbee suggested that surviving descendants of the Waccamaw and the Woccon likely lived in the central coastal region of North Carolina.
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Lumbee are heavily concentrated in Robeson County on the southern border of the state.
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Sizeable Lumbee settlements are in Cumberland, Sampson, Hoke, Scotland, and Columbus counties; in Greensboro, Charlotte, Detroit, Baltimore, and Claxton, Georgia.
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Lumbee people speak both mainstream varieties of English and a vernacular form, Lumbee English.
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Lumbee people encountered English-speaking European settlers and adopted their language much earlier than other Native American groups.
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The Lumbee Act of 1956 specifically mentioned the dialect as a defining attribute of the people.
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32.
Lumbee dialect makes use of several unique words and phrases: chauld ; on the swamp ; juvember ; and bog.
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33.
Lumbee Homecoming is a celebration held annually in Pembroke since 1968.
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34.
Lumbee communities were linked together by their extensive kinship ties, church affiliations, their sense of themselves as Indians, and their control of their educational system, all of which served as a mechanism for defining tribal membership and maintaining tribal boundaries.
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35.
Lumbee's quilt is in the collection of the Museum of the Southeast American Indian at the University of North Carolina at Pembroke.
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36.
Since then, Lumbee women have adopted this pinecone patchwork dress style as the signature Lumbee dress.
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37.
Today the Lumbee primarily practice Protestantism, and attending church is an important social activity.
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