All varieties of Chinese language are tonal to at least some degree, and are largely analytic.
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All varieties of Chinese language are tonal to at least some degree, and are largely analytic.
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The phonetic categories of Old Chinese language can be reconstructed from the rhymes of ancient poetry.
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The written form, using the logograms known as Chinese language characters, is shared by literate speakers of mutually unintelligible dialects.
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Several derivational affixes have been identified, but the Chinese language lacks inflection, and indicated grammatical relationships using word order and grammatical particles.
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Middle Chinese was the language used during Northern and Southern dynasties and the Sui, Tang, and Song dynasties.
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Linguists have identified these sounds by comparing the categories with pronunciations in modern varieties of Chinese language, borrowed Chinese language words in Japanese, Vietnamese, and Korean, and transcription evidence.
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For most of this period, this Chinese language was a koine based on dialects spoken in the Nanjing area, though not identical to any single dialect.
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These coinages, written in shared Chinese characters, have then been borrowed freely between languages.
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Local varieties of Chinese language are conventionally classified into seven dialect groups, largely on the basis of the different evolution of Middle Chinese language voiced initials:.
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Standard Chinese language is based on the Beijing dialect, the dialect of Mandarin as spoken in Beijing.
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Conventional English-language usage in Chinese linguistics is to use dialect for the speech of a particular place and dialect group for a regional grouping such as Mandarin or Wu.
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Some of the conservative southern varieties of modern Chinese language have largely monosyllabic words, especially among the more basic vocabulary.
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Chinese language morphology is strictly bound to a set number of syllables with a fairly rigid construction.
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All varieties of modern Chinese are analytic languages, in that they depend on syntax rather than morphology—i.
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The Hanyu Da Zidian, a compendium of Chinese language characters, includes 54, 678 head entries for characters, including bone oracle versions.
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The 2009 version of the Webster's Digital Chinese language Dictionary, based on CC-CEDICT, contains over 84, 000 entries.
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The 1999 revised Cihai, a multi-volume encyclopedic dictionary reference work, gives 122, 836 vocabulary entry definitions under 19, 485 Chinese language characters, including proper names, phrases and common zoological, geographical, sociological, scientific and technical terms.
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Any Latin or Greek etymologies are dropped and converted into the corresponding Chinese language characters, making them more comprehensible for Chinese language but introducing more difficulties in understanding foreign texts.
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For example, jingji, which in the original Chinese language meant "the workings of the state", was narrowed to "economy" in Japanese; this narrowed definition was then reimported into Chinese language.
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However, vocabularies from different Chinese language-speaking areas have diverged, and the divergence can be observed in written Chinese language.
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Meanwhile, colloquial forms of various Chinese language variants have been written down by their users, especially in less formal settings.
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Some Chinese language variants have diverged and developed a number of unique morphemes that are not found in Standard Mandarin, unique characters rarely used in Standard Chinese language have been created or inherited from archaic literary standard to represent these unique morphemes.
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Chinese language had no uniform phonetic transcription system for most of its speakers until the mid-20th century, although enunciation patterns were recorded in early rime books and dictionaries.
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The Dungan Chinese language, considered by many a dialect of Mandarin, isadays written in Cyrillic, and was previously written in the Arabic script.
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Each Chinese language character represents a monosyllabic Chinese language word or morpheme.
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Various other written styles are used in Chinese language calligraphy, including seal script, cursive script and clerical script.
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Chinese language is first known to have been written in Latin characters by Western Christian missionaries in the 16th century.
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Chinese language varieties have been phonetically transcribed into many other writing systems over the centuries.
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Besides Mandarin, Cantonese is the only other Chinese language that is widely taught as a foreign language, largely due to the economic and cultural influence of Hong Kong and its widespread usage among significant Overseas Chinese communities.
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