80 Facts About Nanjing

Nanjing, alternately romanized as Nanking, is the capital of Jiangsu province of the People's Republic of China, a sub-provincial city, a megacity and the second largest city in the East China region.

Nanjing has been ranked seventh in the evaluation of "Cities with Strongest Comprehensive Strength" issued by the National Statistics Bureau, and second in the evaluation of cities with most sustainable development potential in the Yangtze River Delta.

Nanjing is considered a Beta city classification, together with Chongqing, Hangzhou and Tianjin by the Globalization and World Cities Research Network, and ranked as one of the world's top 100 cities in the Global Financial Centres Index.

Nanjing has many highly-ranked educational institutions, with the number of universities listed in 147 National Key Universities ranking third, including Nanjing University, which has a long history and is among the world's top 20 universities ranked by Nature Index.

Nanjing has the eighth-largest scientific research output of any city in the world.

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Nanjing served as the capital of Eastern Wu, one of the three major states in the Three Kingdoms period; the Eastern Jin and each of the Southern dynasties, which successively ruled southern China from 317 to 589; the Southern Tang, one of the Ten Kingdoms; the Ming dynasty when, for the first time, all of China was ruled from the city ; and the Republic of China under the nationalist Kuomintang prior to its flight to Taiwan by Chiang Kai-Shek during the Chinese Civil War.

Nanjing has served as the capital city of Jiangsu province since the establishment of the People's Republic of China.

Nanjing is famous for human historical landscapes, mountains and waters such as Fuzimiao, Ming Palace, Chaotian Palace, Porcelain Tower, Drum Tower, Stone City, City Wall, Qinhuai River, Xuanwu Lake and Purple Mountain.

The name Nanjing, which means "Southern Capital", was officially designated for the city during the Ming dynasty, about six hundred years later.

Nanjing is sometimes known as Jinling or Ginling of the eponymous Ginling College; the old name has been used since the Warring States period in the Zhou dynasty.

Nanjing was later the capital city of Danyang Prefecture, and had been the capital city of Yangzhou for about 400 years from late Han to early Tang.

Nanjing first became a state capital in AD229, when the state of Eastern Wu founded by Sun Quan during the Three Kingdoms period relocated its capital to Jianye, the city extended on the basis of Jinling Yi in AD211.

The present-day City Wall of Nanjing was mainly built during that time and today it remains in good condition and has been well preserved.

In official Ming documents of 1425 to 1441, Nanjing was designated as the capital and Beijing was designated as the temporary capital.

Over two centuries after the removal of the capital to Beijing, Nanjing was destined to become the capital of a Ming emperor one more time.

An official from Qing Beijing sent letters to family and another official in Nanjing, telling them all communication and news from Nanjing to Beijing had been cut off, that the Qing were considering abandoning Beijing and moving their capital far away to a remote location for safety since Koxinga's iron troops were rumored to be invincible.

The official told his children in Nanjing to prepare to defect to Koxinga which he himself was preparing to do.

Under the Qing dynasty, the Nanjing area was known as Jiangning and served as the seat of government for the Viceroy of Liangjiang.

The area around Nanjing is called Xiajiang region, with Jianghuai dominant in the northern part and Jiangzhe dominant in the southern part.

Nanjing is at the intersection of the Yangtze River, an east–west water transport artery, and the Nanjing–Beijing railway, a north–south land transport artery, hence the name “door of the east and west, throat of the south and north”.

Nanjing has a humid subtropical climate and is influenced by the East Asian monsoon.

Nanjing is endowed with rich natural resources, which include more than 40 kinds of minerals.

Nanjing possesses abundant water resources, both from the Yangtze River and groundwater.

The Nanjing Brocade is their exquisite product as the cloth for the royal garments such as dragon robes.

Meanwhile, the satins from Nanjing were called "tribute satins", because they were usually paid as tribute to the monarchy.

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Several place names in Nanjing remains witnessed them, such as Wangjinshi, Guyilang, Youfangqiao .

The Ming dynasty drawing Prosperous Nanjing depicts a vivid market scene bustling with people and full of various sorts of shops.

Into the first half of the twentieth century after the establishment of ROC, Nanjing gradually shifted from being a production hub towards being a heavy consumption city, mainly because of the rapid expansion of its wealthy population after Nanjing regained the political spotlight of China.

In recent years, Nanjing has been developing its economy, commerce, industry, as well as city construction.

Nanjing is the transport hub in eastern China and the downstream Yangtze River area.

Nanjing is connected to the national high-speed railway network by Beijing–Shanghai High-Speed Railway and Shanghai–Wuhan–Chengdu Passenger Dedicated Line, with several more high-speed rail lines under construction.

Nanjing is one of the earliest cities in China to establish civil aviation, and has built 13 airports.

Contemporary Nanjing Port is an important hub port in China and a first-class port open to the outside world.

Nanjing is a national comprehensive transportation hub, and its highway network density ranks among the top central cities in the country.

At present, Nanjing Metro has 13 transfer stations and 36 transfer routes, among which Nanjing South Railway Station can be changed to Line 1, Line 3, Line S1, and Line S3.

At present, Nanjing has eliminated buses below the National III standard and non-air-conditioned buses, and the number of pure electric buses ranks second in the world.

Nanjing has another airport – Nanjing Ma'an International Airport which temporarily serves as a dual-use military and civil airport.

Nanjing is located at the lower reaches of the Yangtze River.

Nanjing is the biggest container port along the Yangtze River; in March 2004, the one million container-capacity base, Longtan Containers Port Area opened, further consolidating Nanjing as the leading port in the region.

Nanjing is one of the regions with abundant plant resources and a wide variety of plants in China.

Nanjing's minerals are mainly concentrated in 4 metallogenic belts, namely Jiangpu-Liuhe iron and copper metallogenic belt, Ningzhen iron, copper, and sulfur polymetallic metallogenic belt, Ningwu iron, copper.

Nanjing is located in the Yang hilly area of Ningzhen Town, with low hills and gentle hills, dragons and tigers, thousands of miles of Yangtze River passing through the city, Qixia Mountain, Mufu Mountain, Lion Mountain, Qingliang Mountain, Jilong Mountain, Niushou Mountain, and other surrounding urban areas, Qinhuai Rivers, Xuanwu Lake, Huashen Lake and Mochou Lake are dotted around, creating a wonderful landscape with mountains, water, city, and forests as the big pattern.

In 1981, Nanjing was listed as one of the 15 economic center cities by the country.

In 2004, Nanjing ranked sixth in China's economic center positioning index, second only to Beijing, Shanghai, Guangzhou, Shenzhen, and Tianjin.

In 2015, Nanjing ranked fifth in China's investment attractive cities, closely following Beijing, Shanghai, Guangzhou, and Shenzhen.

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Nanjing is one of China's important agricultural and commercial grain bases.

Since the reform and opening up, Nanjing has become an important national comprehensive industrial production base, modern service center, and advanced manufacturing base, as well as a national pilot zone for the integration of informatization and industrialization.

Nanjing is an important regional financial and business center positioned by the National Development and Reform Commission.

Nanjing is China's service outsourcing base and national software export innovation base.

In 2019, Beichen Convention and Exhibition Research Institute released the "China Exhibition Index Report 2019", and Nanjing ranked seventh in China in the comprehensive index of domestic urban exhibition industry development.

Today, with a long cultural tradition and strong support from local educational institutions, Nanjing is commonly viewed as a "city of culture" and one of the more pleasant cities to live in China.

Nanjing has professional opera troupes for the Yang, Yue, Xi and Jing as well as Suzhou pingtan, spoken theater and puppet theater.

Nanjing is an important town of Chinese painting and calligraphy.

The "Eight Masters of Nanjing" headed by Gong Xian were active in Nanjing in the early Qing Dynasty and created the Jinling School of Painting.

Nanjing Library, founded in 1907, houses more than 10 million volumes of printed materials and is the third largest library in China, after the National Library in Beijing and Shanghai Library.

Nanjing has some of the oldest and finest museums in China.

Traditionally Nanjing's nightlife was mostly centered around Nanjing Fuzimiao area along the Qinhuai River, where night markets, restaurants and pubs thrived.

Local cuisine in Nanjing is called Jinling cuisine or Jingsu cuisine ; it is part of Jiangsu province's cuisine.

Radish is a typical food representing people of Nanjing, which has been spread through word of mouth as an interesting fact for many years in China.

Nanjing is the birthplace of China's Olympic dream and one of the cities that contributed the most to China's participation in the Olympics.

Nanjing has an irreplaceable position in the history of the Chinese Olympics.

Nanjing hosted the 10th National Games of PRC in 2005 and hosted the 2nd summer Youth Olympic Games in 2014.

Nanjing Mandarin is spoken in most parts of Nanjing, while Wu Chinese is spoken in most of the Gaochun District and the southern part of Lishui District.

Nanjing dialect has been the official language of China for a long time in history.

Nanjing has four major religions: Buddhism, Taoism, Christianity, and Islam.

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Nanjing is one of the earliest areas in China to spread Buddhist culture.

Nanjing is the place for the revival of modern Chinese Buddhist culture.

Nanjing Taoism has a long history and occupies an important position in the history of Chinese Taoism.

The history of the spread of Catholicism in Nanjing began more than 400 years ago by the scientist and missionary Matteo Ricci.

Nanjing is the birthplace of the Islamic "Renaissance" and has an important influence on the development of Chinese Islamic culture.

Nanjing won the National Excellent Novella Award from 1987 to 1988 and the first Jiangsu Literature and Art Award.

Nanjing has always been an important hub for Sino-foreign literary exchanges, and a bridgehead for traditional Chinese literary masterpieces to the world stage.

Traditional folk dances in Nanjing include Luoshan Dragon, Dongba Dama Lantern, Sparrow Jump, Jiangpu Hand Lion, Gaochun Dance Wuban, Wanbei Xiaoma Lantern Dance, Qixia Dragon Dance, Changlu Carrying Dragon, Tongshan Gaotai Lion Dance, Dongba Peiqiao stilts, Longyin Che, Zhetang Shahuo, Dangdang, Luohan, Zhuzhen stilts are all intangible cultural heritages.

In recent years, Nanjing dancers have been close to life, close to reality, and close to the masses, creating a large number of outstanding dance works.

Nanjing has many excellent photography works, as well as large-scale photography exhibitions, photography conferences, etc.

Nanjing has been a city that values culture and education since ancient times.

Nanjing has the eighth-largest scientific research output of any city in the world and has been regarded as one of the world's top three scientific research centers in chemistry, according to the Nature Index.

Nanjing was ranked 80th globally by the QS Best Student City in 2017.

Nanjing University is considered one of the top national universities nationwide, and it is ranked among the world's top 20 universities by Nature Index.

Many universities in Nanjing have satellite campuses or have moved their main campus to Xianlin University City in the eastern suburb.