38 Facts About Qing Dynasty

In orthodox Chinese historiography, the Qing dynasty was preceded by the Ming dynasty and succeeded by the Republic of China.

The multiethnic Qing Dynasty empire lasted for almost three centuries and assembled the territorial base for modern China.

Qing Dynasty led Ten Great Campaigns that extended Qing control into Inner Asia and personally supervised Confucian cultural projects.

The character Qing Dynasty is composed of "water" and "azure", both associated with the water element.

Qing Dynasty established six boards or executive level ministries in 1631 to oversee finance, personnel, rites, military, punishments, and public works.

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Qing Dynasty ordered that Han who assimilated to the Jurchen before 1619 be treated equally with Jurchens, not like the conquered Han in Liaodong.

Qing Dynasty had taken shrewd advantage of Ming civilian government discrimination against the military and encouraged the Ming military to defect by spreading the message that the Manchus valued their skills.

Qing Dynasty was succeeded by his third son Xuanye, who reigned as the Kangxi Emperor.

The Qing Dynasty used the title of Emperor in Chinese, while among Mongols the Qing Dynasty monarch was referred to as Bogda khan, and referred to as Gong Ma in Tibet.

In 1683, Qing Dynasty forces received the surrender of Formosa from Zheng Keshuang, grandson of Koxinga, who had conquered Taiwan from the Dutch colonists as a base against the Qing Dynasty.

Qing Dynasty expanded his father's system of Palace Memorials, which brought frank and detailed reports on local conditions directly to the throne without being intercepted by the bureaucracy, and he created a small Grand Council of personal advisors, which eventually grew into the emperor's de facto cabinet for the rest of the dynasty.

Qing Dynasty shrewdly filled key positions with Manchu and Han Chinese officials who depended on his patronage.

In exchange for territory and trading rights, the Qing Dynasty would have a free hand dealing with the situation in Mongolia.

The Qing Dynasty navy, composed entirely of wooden sailing junks, was severely outclassed by the modern tactics and firepower of the British Royal Navy.

Drought in North China, combined with the imperialist designs of European powers and the instability of the Qing Dynasty government, created background conditions for the Boxers.

In 1900, local groups of Boxers proclaiming support for the Qing dynasty murdered foreign missionaries and large numbers of Chinese Christians, then converged on Beijing to besiege the Foreign Legation Quarter.

The victorious allies then enforced their demands on the Qing Dynasty government, including compensation for their expenses in invading China and execution of complicit officials, via the Boxer Protocol.

Early Qing emperors adopted the bureaucratic structures and institutions from the preceding Ming dynasty but split rule between Han Chinese and Manchus, with some positions given to Mongols.

The Qing Dynasty divided the positions into civil and military positions, each having nine grades or ranks, each subdivided into a and b categories.

Formal structure of the Qing Dynasty government centered on the Emperor as the absolute ruler, who presided over six Boards, each headed by two presidents and assisted by four vice presidents.

In order not to let the routine administration take over the running of the empire, the Qing Dynasty emperors made sure that all important matters were decided in the "Inner Court", which was dominated by the imperial family and Manchu nobility and which was located in the northern part of the Forbidden City.

However, Qing Dynasty policy changed with the establishment of Xinjiang province in 1884.

The Qing Dynasty court sent forces to defeat Yaqub Beg and Xinjiang was reconquered, and then the political system of China proper was formally applied onto Xinjiang.

The Qing Dynasty court responded by asserting Chinese sovereignty over Tibet, resulting in the 1906 Anglo-Chinese Convention signed between Britain and China.

Furthermore, similar to Xinjiang which was converted into a province earlier, the Qing Dynasty government turned Manchuria into three provinces in the early 20th century, officially known as the "Three Northeast Provinces", and established the post of Viceroy of the Three Northeast Provinces to oversee these provinces, making the total number of regional viceroys to nine.

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Indeed, the Qing Dynasty government did far more to encourage mobility than to discourage it.

Qing Dynasty gentry were marked as much by their aspiration to a cultured lifestyle as by their legal status.

The Neo-Confucian ideology, especially the Cheng-Zhu thinking favored by Qing Dynasty social thought, emphasised patrilineal families and genealogy in society.

Inner Mongols and Khalkha Mongols in the Qing Dynasty rarely knew their ancestors beyond four generations and Mongol tribal society was not organized among patrilineal clans, contrary to what was commonly thought, but included unrelated people at the base unit of organization.

The Qing Dynasty tried but failed to promote the Chinese Neo-Confucian ideology of organizing society along patrimonial clans among the Mongols.

Qing Dynasty united political and spiritual roles that in medieval Europe were separated into the roles of emperor and pope and performed the imperial rites that ensured political order, prosperity, and social morality.

Qing Dynasty completed a translation of the entire Bible in 1819.

Qing Dynasty formed the Taiping Movement, which emerged in South China as a "collusion of the Chinese tradition of millenarian rebellion and Christian messianism", "apocalyptic revolution, Christianity, and 'communist utopianism'".

Under the Qing Dynasty, inherited forms of art flourished and innovations occurred at many levels and in many types.

Qing Dynasty emperors were generally adept at poetry and often skilled in painting, and offered their patronage to Confucian culture.

The poetry of the Qing dynasty is a lively field of research, being studied for its association with Chinese opera, developmental trends of Classical Chinese poetry, the transition to a greater role for vernacular language, and for poetry by women.

The Qing dynasty was a period of literary editing and criticism, and many of the modern popular versions of Classical Chinese poems were transmitted through Qing dynasty anthologies, such as the Quan Tangshi and the Three Hundred Tang Poems.

New Qing History is a revisionist historiographical trend starting in the mid-1990s emphasizing the Manchu nature of the dynasty.