60 Facts About Pius Ix

Pope Pius IX was head of the Catholic Church from 1846 to 1878, the longest verified papal reign.

Pius Ix was notable for convoking the First Vatican Council in 1868 and for permanently losing control of the Papal States in 1870 to the Kingdom of Italy.

Pius Ix's 1864 Syllabus of Errors was a strong condemnation against liberalism, modernism, moral relativism, secularization, separation of church and state, and other Enlightenment ideas.

Pius Ix definitively reaffirmed Catholic teaching in favor of the establishment of the Catholic faith as the state religion where possible.

Pius Ix centralized power in the church in the Holy See and Roman Curia, while clearly defining the Pope's doctrinal authority.

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Pius Ix was the ninth child born into the noble family of Girolamo dai Conti Ferretti and was baptized on the same day of his birth with the name of Giovanni Maria Battista Pietro Pellegrino Isidoro.

Pius Ix was educated at the Piarist College in Volterra and in Rome.

Pius Ix threw himself at the feet of Pius VII, who elevated him and supported his continued theological studies.

Pius Ix initially worked as the rector of the Tata Giovanni Institute in Rome.

Pius Ix became known for visiting prisoners in jail, and for programs for street children.

Pius Ix was a patriot, known to be critical of Gregory XVI.

However, Mastai Ferretti, now Pope Pius IX, had little diplomatic experience and no curial experience at all, a fact which did cause some controversy.

Election of the liberal Pius IX created much enthusiasm in Europe and elsewhere.

Pius Ix was elected without political influences from outside and in the best years of his life.

Pius Ix was pious, progressive, intellectual, decent, friendly, and open to everybody.

Ecclesiastical policies of Pius IX were dominated by defence of the rights of the church and the free exercise of religion for Catholics in countries such as Russia and the Ottoman Empire.

Pius Ix fought against what he perceived to be anti-Catholic philosophies in countries such as Italy, Germany, and France.

Pius Ix celebrated the 1,800th anniversary of the martyrdom of the Apostle Peter and Apostle Paul on 29 June 1867 with 512 bishops, 20,000 priests and 140,000 lay persons in Rome.

In 1875, Pius Ix declared a Holy Year that was celebrated throughout the Catholic world.

Pius Ix was a bit shy, but he valued initiative within the church and created several new titles, rewards, and orders to elevate those who in his view deserved merit.

In December 1863, Pius IX intended to elevate the Archbishop of Gniezno and Poznan Leon Michal Przyluski to the cardinalate, but he died before the consistory took place.

In 1866, Pius IX wanted to nominate a Barnabite to the College of Cardinals before he opened the First Vatican Council.

In 1868, Pius IX nominated Andre Pila to the cardinalate he died the day before he would have been elevated as the only person for elevation in that April consistory.

Also in 1868, Pius IX offered the cardinalate to the Bishop of Concepcion Jose Hipolito Salas y Toro whom he had met during the First Vatican Council, inviting him to join the Roman Curia.

In 1875, Pius IX intended to nominate the papal almoner Frederic-Francois-Xavier Ghislain de Merode to the Sacred College he died just eight months before the consistory was to be held.

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Pius Ix canonized notable saints such as the Martyrs of Japan, Josaphat Kuntsevych, and Nicholas Pieck.

Pius Ix appointed an able and enlightened minister, Rossi, to administer the Papal States.

Pius Ix showed himself hostile to Austrian influences, delighting Italian patriots, who hailed him as the coming redeemer of Italy.

In 1848, Pius IX released a new constitution titled the "Fundamental Statute for the Secular Government of the States of the Church".

Pius Ix improved the transportation system by building roads, viaducts, bridges and seaports.

Pius Ix recognized that much had to be done and instituted a reform commission in 1851.

Pius Ix supported architecture, painting, sculpture, music, goldsmiths, coppersmiths, and more, and handed out numerous rewards to artists.

Pius Ix ordered the strengthening of the Colosseum, which was feared to be on the verge of collapse.

Pius Ix visited the hospitals to comfort the wounded and sick, but he seemed to have lost both his liberal tastes and his confidence in the Romans, who had turned against him in 1848.

Pius Ix decided to move his residence from the Quirinal Palace inside Rome to the Vatican, where popes have lived ever since.

Pius Ix blessed Maximilian and his wife Charlotte of Belgium before they set off for Mexico to begin their reign.

Pius Ix sought refuge with the pope, and she would eat and drink only what was prepared for him, fearful that everything else might be poisoned.

Pius Ix re-established the Catholic hierarchy in England and Wales, under the newly appointed Archbishop and Cardinal Nicholas Wiseman with 12 additional episcopal seats: Southwark, Hexham, Beverley, Liverpool, Salford, Shrewsbury, Newport, Clifton, Plymouth, Nottingham, Birmingham, and Northampton.

In 1853, Pius Ix erected the Archdiocese of Utrecht and four dioceses in Haarlem, Den Bosch, Breda, and Roermond under it.

In 1851, Pius IX concluded a concordat with Queen Isabella II stipulating that unsold ecclesial properties were to be returned, while the church renounced properties that had already passed to new owners.

Pope Pius IX approved on 7 February 1847 the unanimous request of the American bishops that the Immaculate Conception be invoked as the Patroness of the United States of America.

Pius Ix dropped his alliance with the anti-Catholic Liberals and instead formed a political coalition with the Catholic Centre Party.

Pontificate of Pius IX began in 1847 with an "Accomodamento", a generous agreement, which allowed Pius to fill vacant episcopal sees of the Latin rites both in Russia and in the Polish provinces of Russia.

Pius Ix first tried to position himself in the middle, strongly opposing revolutionary and violent opposition against the Russian authorities and appealing to them for more ecclesiastical freedom.

Pius Ix pointed to Siberian villages Tounka and Irkout, where in 1868,150 Catholic priests were awaiting death.

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On 26 July 1862, before Garibaldi and his volunteers were stopped at Aspromonte, Pius IX asked the British envoy Odo Russell if he would be granted political asylum in England after the Italian troops had marched in.

In 1870, after the Capture of Rome and the suspension of the First Vatican Council, Otto von Bismarck confided that Pius IX had asked whether Prussia could grant him asylum.

Pius Ix thinks all Prussia would be perverted and he himself would be obliged to become a Catholic.

Pius Ix was adamant about his role as the highest teaching authority in the church, as expressed in the dogma of Papal infallibility defined by the First Vatican Council in 1870.

In 1848 Pius Ix appointed a theological commission to analyse the possibility for a Marian dogma.

Unlike popes in the 20th century, Pius IX did not use encyclicals to explain the faith, but to condemn what he considered errors.

Pius Ix was the first pope to popularize encyclicals on a large scale to foster his views.

Pius Ix supported Catholic associations such as the Ambrosian Circle in Italy, the Union of Catholic Workers in France, and the Pius Verein and the Deutsche Katholische Gesellschaft in Germany, whose purpose was to bring the fullness of Catholic faith to people outside the church.

Pius Ix underwent several painful medical procedures with remarkable patience.

Pius Ix spent most of his last few weeks in his library, where he received cardinals and held papal audiences.

Pius Ix's death concluded the second-longest pontificate in papal history, after that of Saint Peter, who tradition holds had reigned for 37 years.

Pius Ix's body was originally buried in Saint Peter's grotto, but was moved in a night procession on 13 July 1881 to the Basilica of Saint Lawrence outside the Walls.

The simple grave of Pius IX was changed by his successor John Paul II after his beatification.

Pius Ix made lasting ecclesiastical history with his 1854 infallible decision of the Immaculate Conception, which was the basis for the later dogma on the Assumption.

Pius Ix's other lasting contribution is the invocation of the ecumenical council Vatican One, which promulgated the definition of Papal infallibility.