71 Facts About Irgun

Irgun members were absorbed into the Israel Defense Forces at the start of the 1948 Arab–Israeli war.

Irgun policy was based on what was then called Revisionist Zionism founded by Ze'ev Jabotinsky.

Two of the operations for which the Irgun is best known are the bombing of the King David Hotel in Jerusalem on 22 July 1946 and the Deir Yassin massacre, carried out together with Lehi on 9 April 1948.

Irgun has been viewed as a terrorist organization or organization which carried out terrorist acts.

In particular the Irgun was described as a terrorist organization by the United Nations, British, and United States governments; in media such as The New York Times newspaper; as well as by the Anglo-American Committee of Inquiry, the 1946 Zionist Congress and the Jewish Agency.

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Irgun's tactics appealed to many Jews who believed that any action taken in the cause of the creation of a Jewish state was justified, including terrorism.

Irgun was a political predecessor to Israel's right-wing Herut party, which led to today's Likud party.

Irgun formulated the general realm of operation, regarding Restraint and the end thereof, and was the inspiration for the organization overall.

Irgun disagreed with the policy of the Yishuv and with the World Zionist Organization, both with regard to strategy and basic ideology and with regard to PR and military tactics, such as use of armed force to accomplish the Zionist ends, operations against the Arabs during the riots, and relations with the British mandatory government.

Therefore, the Irgun tended to ignore the decisions made by the Zionist leadership and the Yishuv's institutions.

Accordingly, the Irgun accompanied its armed operations with public-relations campaigns aiming to convince the public of the Irgun's way and the problems with the official political leadership of the Yishuv.

The Irgun put out numerous advertisements, an underground newspaper and even ran the first independent Hebrew radio station – Kol Zion HaLochemet.

The anthem adopted by the Irgun was "Anonymous Soldiers", written by Avraham Stern who was at the time a commander in the Irgun.

Later on Stern defected from the Irgun and founded Lehi, and the song became the anthem of the Lehi.

Irgun gradually evolved from its humble origins into a serious and well-organized paramilitary organization.

Irgun was led by a High Command, which set policy and gave orders.

Irgun's commanders planned for it to have a regular combat force, a reserve, and shock units, but in practice there were not enough personnel for a reserve or for a shock force.

The Irgun put out professional publications on combat doctrine, weaponry, leadership, drill exercises, etc.

Irgun recruits trained with firearms, hand grenades, and were taught how to conduct combined attacks on targets.

The British authorities believed that some Irgun members enlisted in the Jewish section of the Palestine Police Force for a year as part of their training, during which they passed intelligence.

The Irgun operated a course for its intelligence operatives, in which recruits were taught espionage, cryptography, and analysis techniques.

The Irgun's members were divided into cells, and worked with the members of their own cells.

An Irgun cell was established in Shanghai, home to many European-Jewish refugees.

Eli Tavin, the former head of Irgun intelligence, was appointed commander of the Irgun abroad.

The Irgun established workshops that manufactured spare parts and attachments for the weapons.

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The Irgun increased its numbers by expanding draft regiments of Betar – groups of volunteers, committed to two years of security and pioneer activities.

The Irgun tended to retaliate more often, and sometimes Irgun members patrolled areas beyond their positions in order to encounter attackers ahead of time.

Those who remained in the Irgun were primarily young activists, mostly laypeople, who sided with the independent existence of the Irgun.

The Irgun began participating in the organisation of the immigration enterprise and undertook the process of accompanying the ships.

Irgun turned himself in later and was sentenced to death, a sentence which was later commuted to a life sentence.

The Irgun revered him after his death and many regarded him as an example.

The Irgun responded four days later with a series of attacks on Arab buses and other sites.

The Irgun built underground cells that participated in organizing migration to Palestine.

Ties formed with the Polish authorities brought about courses in which Irgun commanders were trained by Polish officers in advanced military issues such as guerrilla warfare, tactics and laying land mines.

Under the temporary command of Hanoch Kalai, the Irgun began sabotaging strategic infrastructure such as electricity facilities, radio and telephone lines.

Irgun had accused him of the torture of a number of its members.

This, among other events, encouraged the Irgun to announce a cessation of its activities against the British so as not to hinder Britain's effort to fight "the Hebrew's greatest enemy in the world – German Nazism".

The Irgun did not rule out joining the British army and the Jewish Brigade.

Irgun members assisted British forces with intelligence in Romania, Bulgaria, Morocco and Tunisia.

Nevertheless, an Irgun operation carried out in the service of Britain was aimed at sabotaging pro-Nazi forces in Iraq, including the assassination of Haj Amin al-Husayni.

In late 1943 a joint Haganah – Irgun initiative was developed, to form a single fighting body, unaligned with any political party, by the name of ?? ???? .

Irgun then declared that, for its part, the ceasefire was over and they were now at war with the British.

Irgun began a militant operation against the symbols of government, in an attempt to harm the regime's operation as well as its reputation.

The Irgun continued to attack police stations and headquarters, and Tegart Fort, a fortified police station .

Irgun's recuperation was noticeable when it began to renew its cooperation with the Lehi in May 1945, when it sabotaged oil pipelines, telephone lines and railroad bridges.

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Irgun stood trial and was sentenced to be death by hanging, refusing to sign a pardon request.

The Irgun later claimed to have sent a warning that was ignored.

Palestinian and U S sources confirm that the Irgun issued numerous warnings for civilians to evacuate the hotel prior to the bombing.

In early September 1946 the Irgun renewed its attacks against civil structures, railroads, communication lines and bridges.

The Irgun publicized leaflets, in three languages, not to use specific trains in danger of being attacked.

The Irgun carried out a few other operations in Europe: a British troop train was derailed and an attempt against another troop train failed.

The Irgun made good on a threat they made and after the detainee was whipped, Irgun members kidnapped British officers and beat them in public.

The Irgun re-established many representative offices internationally, and by 1948 operated in 23 states.

The Irgun had informed them of the plan in advance and smuggled in explosives.

The Irgun became almost an overt organization, establishing military bases in Ramat Gan and Petah Tikva.

Irgun began carrying out reprisal missions, as it had under David Raziel's command.

The Irgun attacked the Arab villages of Tira near Haifa, Yehudiya in the center, and Shuafat by Jerusalem.

The Irgun attacked in the Wadi Rushmiya neighborhood in Haifa and Abu Kabir in Jaffa.

On 5 January 1948 the Irgun detonated a lorry bomb outside Jaffa's Ottoman built Town Hall, killing 14 and injuring 19.

On 6 April 1948, the Irgun raided the British Army camp at Pardes Hanna killing six British soldiers and their commanding officer.

The village was only taken after the Irgun began systematically dynamiting houses, and after a Palmach unit intervened and employed mortar fire to silence the villagers' sniper positions.

Irgun cooperated with the Haganah in the conquest of Haifa.

Difficult battles ensued, and the Irgun faced resistance from the Arabs as well as the British.

The Irgun had previously agreed with the Haganah that British pressure would not lead to withdrawal from Jaffa and that custody of captured areas would be turned over to the Haganah.

Furthermore, this was the first occasion in which the Irgun had directly fought British forces, reinforced with armor and heavy weaponry.

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Since the Irgun captured the neighborhood of Manshiya on its own, causing the flight of many of Jaffa's residents, the Irgun took credit for the conquest of Jaffa.

Meanwhile, in France, Irgun representatives purchased a ship, renamed Altalena, and weapons.

The clash ended in a ceasefire and the transfer of the weapons on shore to the local IDF commander, and with the ship, now reinforced with local Irgun members, including Begin, sailing to Tel Aviv, where the Irgun had more supporters.

Sixteen Irgun fighters were killed in the confrontation with the army; six were killed in the Kfar Vitkin area and ten on Tel Aviv beach.

The Irgun militants were then fully integrated with the IDF and not kept in separate units.

US military intelligence report, dated January 1948, described Irgun recruiting tactics amongst Displaced Persons in the camps across Germany:.