68 Facts About Classical Anatolia

Early in that period, Classical Anatolia was divided into several Iron Age kingdoms, most notably Lydia in the west, Phrygia in the center and Urartu in the east.

Seleucid Empire, the largest of Alexander's territories, and which included Classical Anatolia, became involved in a disastrous war with Rome culminating in the battles of Thermopylae and Magnesia.

Classical Anatolia subsequently became contested between the neighboring rivalling Romans and the Parthian Empire, which frequently culminated in the Roman-Parthian Wars.

Roman control of Classical Anatolia was strengthened by a 'hands off' approach by Rome, allowing local control to govern effectively and providing military protection.

Byzantine Classical Anatolia came under pressure of the Muslim invasion in the southeast, but most of Classical Anatolia remained under Byzantine control until the Turkish invasion of the 11th century.

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Classical Anatolia was carved up under Persian hegemony into regional administrations which replaced the hegemonic kingdoms prior to the conquest.

The main administrative units in Classical Anatolia were the Great Satrapy of Sardis in the west, Main satrapy of Cappadocia centrally, Main Satrapy of Armenia in the north-east and Main Satrapy of Assyria in the south-east.

Classical Anatolia remained one of the most principal regions of the empire during its entire existence.

Classical Anatolia planned to annex not only Naxos but the Cyclades and Euboea.

Classical Anatolia gained for his family an autonomous hand in control of the province by providing the Persians with regular tribute, avoiding the look of deception.

Classical Anatolia first removed the official capital of the satrap from Mylasa to Halicarnassus, gaining a strategic naval advantage as the new capital was on the ocean.

Classical Anatolia shrewdly used this power to guarantee protection for the citizens of Chios, Kos, and Rhodes as they proclaimed independence from Athenian Greece.

Classical Anatolia had no heir, and had not made apparent plans for succession.

In post-Ipsus Classical Anatolia, Lysimachus held the west and north, Seleucus the east, and Ptolemy the south east.

Classical Anatolia was unable to fulfill his father's ambitions of incorporating Thrace and Macedonia and nor was he able to subdue Cappadocia and Bithynia in Asia Minor.

Classical Anatolia then crossed into Europe in 196 BC and Greece in 192 BC but by 191 BC came up against the Roman legions at the Battle of Thermopylae where his defeat forced his retreat from Greece.

The following year the Romans pursued him into Classical Anatolia inflicting another major victory at the Battle of Magnesia in Lydia.

Classical Anatolia now lay largely in the hands of the Romans and their allies, at least in the west.

Classical Anatolia continued alliances with the Seleucids, marrying Nysa who was the daughter of his cousins Laodice IV and crown prince Antiochus.

Classical Anatolia allied himself with Cappadocia by marrying his daughter Laodice to Ariarathes VI of Cappadocia.

Classical Anatolia next turned his attention to Anatolia where he sought to partition Paphlagonia and Galatia with King Nicomedes III of Bithynia in 108 BC acquiring Galatia and Armenia Minor but soon fell out with him over control of Cappadocia and by extension his ally Rome setting the scene for the subsequent series of Mithridatic Wars .

Zipoetes was succeeded by his son Nicomedes I who was instrumental in inviting aid from the Gauls, who having entered Classical Anatolia settled in Galatia were to prove a source of problems in Bithynian affairs.

Classical Anatolia was succeeded by his son Nicomedes IV who bequeathed the kingdom to Rome, precipitating the Mithridatic Wars between Rome and Pontus who claimed Bithynia.

Galatia was an area in central Classical Anatolia, situated in northern and eastern Phrygia and Cappadocia, east and west of Ancyra .

Classical Anatolia formed a political alliance with Pergamon by marrying Berenice, daughter of Attalus III the last king of Pergamon.

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Classical Anatolia succeeded in defeating the plundering Galatian Gauls, who had become an increasing problem in Anatolia, in 230 BC.

Attalus protected the Greek cities of Classical Anatolia but harassed the Macedonians on the mainland, allying himself with Rome during the Macedonian Wars.

Classical Anatolia subsequently enlarged and adorned the city, building amongst other things the Great Altar.

Classical Anatolia then allied himself with Attalus II against Prusias II of Bithynia .

Classical Anatolia died in 130 BC assisting the Romans in putting down the pretender Eumenes III of Pergamon.

Classical Anatolia's efforts were rewarded by the granting of Lycaonia and Cilicia to his family.

Classical Anatolia's was succeeded by her son Polemon II on her death, although he lost the Pontian throne in 62 AD.

Classical Anatolia was succeeded by Orontes III and relative stability apart from his unsuccessful struggles with the minor kingdom of Sophene on his south-western frontier.

Classical Anatolia reunited Armenian-speaking peoples in the region, often divided by surrounding states.

Classical Anatolia was succeeded by his son Artavasdes I whose major problem was incursions by Parthians to the east.

Classical Anatolia consolidated his influence within Armenia, taking over Sophene after deposing Artanes he king.

Classical Anatolia formed an alliance with Mithridates VI of Pontus, marrying his daughter Cleopatra.

Classical Anatolia managed to keep Commagene relatively independent until he was deposed by Mark Antony in 38 BC.

Direct invasion of Classical Anatolia did not occur until the Seleucid Empire expanded its frontiers into Europe, and was crushed by Rome and its allies in 190 BC, forcing it to retreat to the eastern part of the region.

Rule of Rome in Classical Anatolia was unlike any other part of their empire because of their light hand with regards to government and organization.

Interior of Classical Anatolia had been relatively stable despite occasional incursions by the Galatians until the rise of the kingdoms of Cappadocia and Pontus in the 2nd century BC.

Classical Anatolia died assisting Rome overcoming the pretender Eumenes III of Pergamon in 131 BC.

Classical Anatolia's reign was marked by internal conflict that required Rome to intervene to restore him.

Bithynia, the other major kingdom in western Classical Anatolia, had varying relations with Rome, and in particular its ally Pergamon.

Roman rule in Classical Anatolia had been crushed, although a few areas of Asia Minor managed to hold out.

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Classical Anatolia left Lucius Licinius Murena to govern the province of Asia.

Classical Anatolia had sent troops into Lycaonia and the southern regions of Asia to create support amongst Pisidians and Isaurians, but these were now repelled by the Galatians, under Deiotarus.

Classical Anatolia's strategy had been to dismember Armenia into its former kingdoms.

Classical Anatolia was later to be criticised for not eliminating Mithridates, who had taken refuge in the Crimea.

Classical Anatolia then annexed Syria as a province, effectively ending the Seleucid Empire now based in Antioch.

Policy in Classical Anatolia had consisted of trade, influence and diplomacy with occasional military interventions to maintain the status quo when local kingdoms and empires became expansionist.

Classical Anatolia left Anatolia at the end of 62 BC, returning to Rome in triumph the next year.

New problem for Classical Anatolia emerged during this period, with the expansion of the Goths during the 3rd century.

Since the roads to central Europe through Macedonia, Italy, and Germania were all defended successfully by the Romans, the Goths found Classical Anatolia to be irresistible due to its wealth and deteriorating defenses.

Classical Anatolia continued Carus' tradition by instituting a system of Tetrarchs, and dividing the responsibility for the empire between them.

Classical Anatolia was restructured into three dioceses, which were eventually grouped under the Praetorian Prefecture of the East ; Asia, Pontus and East .

Classical Anatolia set about renewing the city almost immediately, inaugurating it in 330.

Classical Anatolia was not connected to Constantine's family and his brief reign was notable for re-establishing Christianity and for making a settlement with the Persians that was very much in their favour.

Classical Anatolia in turn was succeeded by Valentinian I, another soldier and founder of the Valentinianic dynasty, who almost immediately divided the empire again, moving to the west leaving the east in the hands of his brother Valens .

Classical Anatolia's problems were compounded by a revolt in Isauria, attacks by the Saracens on Syria, and having to send troops to help with the wars against the Barbarians in the west.

Classical Anatolia had made his capital, Antioch, but found conditions in the East deteriorating again with the Goths pouring into Thrace.

Classical Anatolia was the last emperor to rule over both east and west.

Classical Anatolia continued the tradition of co-rulers, appointing his son Arcadius as co-ruler .

Classical Anatolia became notorious for his perpetration of the Massacre of Thessalonica in 390, and had to deal with all the problems going on in the west .

Classical Anatolia rebuilt Constantine's great Forum in 393 and today it bears his name.

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Classical Anatolia played a part in religious life, issuing an edict in 380 that established the faith of the bishops of Rome and Alexandria as the official version of Christianity, that was still very heterogeneous.

Classical Anatolia was baptised and appointed the Patriarch of Constantinople.

Classical Anatolia appears to have made Ephesus, the metropolis of the province of Asia, his headquarters .