101 Facts About Juan Peron

Juan Domingo Peron was an Argentine Army general and politician.

Eva died in 1952, and Juan Peron was elected to a second term, serving from 1952 until 1955.

Juan Domingo Peron was born in Roque Perez, Buenos Aires Province, on 8 October 1895.

Juan Peron was the son of Juana Sosa Toledo and Mario Tomas Peron.

Juan Peron's great-grandfather became a successful shoe merchant in Buenos Aires, and his grandfather was a prosperous physician; his death in 1889 left his widow nearly destitute and Juan Peron's father moved to then-rural Roque Perez, where he administered an estancia and met his future wife.

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Juan Peron's father moved to the Patagonia region that year, where he later purchased a sheep ranch.

Juan Peron himself was sent away in 1904 to a boarding school in Buenos Aires directed by his paternal grandmother, where he received a strict Catholic upbringing.

Juan Peron's father's undertaking ultimately failed, and he died in Buenos Aires in 1928.

Juan Peron excelled less in his studies than in athletics, particularly boxing and fencing.

Juan Peron began his military career in an Infantry post in Parana, Entre Rios.

Juan Peron went on to command the post, and in this capacity mediated a prolonged labour conflict in 1920 at La Forestal, then a leading firm in forestry in Argentina.

Juan Peron earned instructor's credentials at the Superior War School, and in 1929 was appointed to the Army General Staff Headquarters.

Juan Peron married his first wife, Aurelia Tizon, on 5 January 1929.

Juan Peron was recruited by supporters of the director of the War Academy, General Jose Felix Uriburu, to collaborate in the latter's plans for a military coup against President Hipolito Yrigoyen of Argentina.

Juan Peron was promoted to the rank of Major the following year and named to the faculty at the Superior War School where he taught military history and published a number of treatises on the subject.

Juan Peron served as military attache in the Argentine Embassy in Chile from 1936 to 1938, and returned to his teaching post.

Juan Peron was assigned by the War Ministry to study mountain warfare in the Italian Alps in 1939.

Juan Peron attended the University of Turin for a semester and served as a military observer in countries across Europe.

Juan Peron studied Benito Mussolini's Italian Fascism, Nazi Germany, and other European governments of the time, concluding in his summary, Apuntes de historia militar, that social democracy could be a viable alternative to liberal democracy or totalitarian regimes.

Juan Peron returned to Argentina in 1941, and served as an Army skiing instructor in Mendoza Province.

Juan Peron had the Department of Labour elevated to a cabinet-level secretariat in November 1943.

Junta leader Pedro Ramirez entrusted fundraising efforts to him, and Juan Peron marshaled celebrities from Argentina's large film industry and other public figures.

For contributing to his success, Juan Peron was appointed Vice President and Secretary of War, while retaining his Labour portfolio.

Juan Peron passed a law providing minimum wages, maximum hours and vacations for rural workers, froze rural rents, presided over a large increase in rural wages, and helped lumber, wine, sugar and migrant workers organize themselves.

Fluent in Spanish, Braden addressed Democratic Union rallies in person, but his move backfired when Juan Peron summarized the election as a choice between "Juan Peron or Braden".

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Juan Peron rallied further support by responding to the "Blue Book" with his own "Blue and White Book", which was a play on the Argentine flag colors, and focused on the antagonism of Yankee imperialism.

Juan Peron persuaded the president to sign the nationalization of the Central Bank and the extension of mandatory Christmas bonuses, actions that contributed to his decisive victory.

When Juan Peron became president on 4 June 1946, his two stated goals were social justice and economic independence.

Intervention of their behalf by Juan Peron's appointees encouraged the CGT to call strikes in the face of employers reluctant to grant benefits or honor new labour legislation.

Juan Peron first articulated his foreign policy, the "Third Way", in 1949.

Juan Peron restored diplomatic relations with the Soviet Union, severed since the Bolshevik Revolution in 1917, and opened grain sales to the shortage-stricken Soviets.

Juan Peron negotiated the release of Argentine assets in the US in exchange for preferential treatment for US goods, followed by Argentine ratification of the Act of Chapultepec, a centerpiece of Truman's Latin America policy.

Juan Peron even proposed the enlistment of Argentine troops into the Korean War in 1950 under UN auspices.

Juan Peron was opposed to borrowing from foreign credit markets, preferring to float bonds domestically.

Juan Peron refused to enter the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade or the International Monetary Fund.

Juan Peron sponsored numerous notable athletes, including the five-time Formula 1 world champion, Juan Manuel Fangio, who, without this funding, would have most likely never competed in Europe.

Juan Peron had mixed success in expanding the country's inadequate electric grid, which grew by only one fourth during his tenure.

Juan Peron promoted the fossil fuel industry by ordering these resources nationalized, inaugurating Rio Turbio, having natural gas flared by the state oil firm YPF captured, and establishing Gas del Estado.

Juan Peron introduced a Ministry of Health to the cabinet; its first head, the neurologist Ramon Carrillo, oversaw the completion of over 4,200 health care facilities.

The new Minister of Public Works, General Juan Peron Pistarini, oversaw the construction of 650,000 new, public sector homes, as well as of the international airport, one of the largest in the world at the time.

Juan Peron modernized the Argentine Armed Forces, particularly its Air Force.

Juan Peron announced in 1951 that the Huemul Project would produce nuclear fusion before any other country.

Juan Peron announced that energy produced by the fusion process would be delivered in milk-bottle sized containers.

The next year, Juan Peron appointed a scientific team to investigate Richter's activities.

Eva Juan Peron was instrumental as a symbol of hope to the common labourer during the first five-year plan.

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The first lady's willingness to replace the ailing Hortensio Quijano as Juan Peron's running mate for the 1951 campaign was defeated by her own frail health and by military opposition.

Juan Peron fired over 2000 university professors and faculty members from all major public education institutions.

Juan Peron opposed the universities, which questioned his methods and his goals.

Cipriano Reyes was one of hundreds of Juan Peron's opponents held at Buenos Aires' Ramos Mejia General Hospital, one of whose basements was converted into a police detention center where torture became routine.

Juan Peron appeared more threatened by dissident artists than by opposition political figures.

Juan Peron often showed contempt for any opponents; and regularly characterized them as traitors and agents of foreign powers; subverted freedom of speech and sought to crush any vocal dissidents through such actions as nationalizing the broadcasting system, centralizing the unions under his control and monopolizing the supply of newspaper print.

At times, Juan Peron resorted to tactics such as illegally imprisoning opposition politicians and journalists, including Radical Civic Union leader Ricardo Balbin; and shutting down opposition papers, such as La Prensa.

Pigna argues that Peron was only a pragmatist who took useful elements from all modern ideologies of the time; this included not only fascism but the New Deal policies of US President Franklin D Roosevelt.

Juan Peron had met Peron in the 1930s, and had contacts with Generals Juan Pistarini, Domingo Martinez, and Jose Molina.

Croatian priest, Krunoslav Draganovic, organizer of the San Girolamo ratline, was authorized by Juan Peron to assist Nazi operatives to come to Argentina and evade prosecution in Europe after World War II, in particular the Ustase.

Recently, Goni's research, drawing on investigations in Argentine, Swiss, American, British and Belgian government archives, as well as numerous interviews and other sources, was detailed in The Real ODESSA: Smuggling the Nazis to Juan Peron's Argentina, showing how escape routes known as ratlines were used by former NSDAP members and like-minded people to escape trial and judgment.

Tomas Eloy Martinez, writer and professor of Latin American studies at Rutgers University, wrote that Juan Peron allowed Nazis into the country in hopes of acquiring advanced German technology developed during the war.

Laurence Levine writes that Juan Peron found 20th-century German civilization too "rigid" and had a "distaste" for it.

Crassweller writes that while Juan Peron preferred Argentine culture, with which he felt a spiritual affinity, he was "pragmatic" in dealing with the diverse populace of Argentina.

Fraser and Navarro write that Juan Peron was a complicated man who over the years stood for many different, often contradictory, things.

Juan Peron favoured the creation of institutions such as New Zion, the Argentine-Jewish Institute of Culture and Information, led by Simon Mirelman, and the Argentine-Israeli Chamber of Commerce.

Juan Peron appointed Pablo Mangel, a Jew, as Argentina's first ambassador to that Israel.

In 1946 Juan Peron's government allowed Jewish army privates to celebrate their holidays, which was intended to foster Jewish integration.

Juan Peron called employers and unions to a Productivity Congress to regulate social conflict through dialogue, but the conference failed without reaching an agreement.

Again on the defensive, Juan Peron accelerated generals' promotions and extended them pay hikes and other benefits.

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Amid the chaos, Juan Peron exhorted the crowd to take reprisals; they made their way to their adversaries' gathering places, the Socialist Party headquarters and the aristocratic Jockey Club, and burned them to the ground.

In March 1954, Juan Peron called a vice-presidential election to replace the late Hortensio Quijano, which his candidate won by a nearly two-to-one margin.

Juan Peron signed an important exploration contract with Standard Oil of California, in May 1955, consolidating his new policy of substituting the two largest sources of that era's chronic trade deficits with local production brought in through foreign investment.

Incident, part of a coup attempt against Juan Peron, killed 364 people and was, from a historical perspective, the only air assault ever on Argentine soil, as well as a portent of the mayhem that Argentine society would suffer in the 1970s.

Juan Peron barely escaped with his life, leaving Nelly Rivas behind, and fleeing on the gunboat ARP Paraguay provided by Paraguayan leader Alfredo Stroessner, up the Parana River.

Eva Juan Peron's corpse was removed from its display at CGT headquarters and ordered hidden under another name in a modest grave in Milan, Italy.

Juan Peron backed a "Popular Union" in 1962, and when its candidate for governor of Buenos Aires Province was elected, Frondizi was forced to resign by the military.

Unable to secure a new alliance, Juan Peron advised his followers to cast blank ballots in the 1963 elections, demonstrating direct control over one fifth of the electorate.

Juan Peron's stay in Venezuela had been cut short by the 1958 ousting of General Perez Jimenez.

Juan Peron organized a meeting in the house of Bernardo Alberte, Peron's delegate and sponsor of various left-wing Peronist movements such as the CGT de los Argentinos, an offshoot of the umbrella CGT union.

Juan Peron supported the more militant unions and maintained close links with the Montoneros, a far-left Catholic Peronist group.

Juan Peron cultivated ties with ultraconservatives and the extreme right.

Juan Peron supported the leader of the conservative wing of the UCR, his erstwhile prisoner Ricardo Balbin, against competition from within the UCR itself.

The proposal was rejected by Juan Peron, who formed the FRECILINA alliance, headed by his new delegate Hector Jose Campora.

However, Juan Peron disapproved of Guevara's advocacy of guerrilla warfare as antiquated.

Juan Peron was accompanied by Campora, whose first measures were to grant amnesty to all political prisoners and re-establish relations with Cuba, helping Fidel Castro break the United States embargo against Cuba.

Argentina faced mounting political instability, and Juan Peron was viewed by many as the country's only hope for prosperity and safety.

Juan Peron began his third term on 12 October 1973, with Isabel, his wife, as Vice President.

Juan Peron's murder was long attributed to the Montoneros, but it is arguably Argentina's most prominent unsolved mystery.

Juan Peron maintained a full schedule of policy meetings with both government officials and chief base of support, the CGT.

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Juan Peron presided over the inaugural of the Atucha I Nuclear Power Plant in April; the reactor, begun while he was in exile, was the fruition of work started in the 1950s by the National Atomic Energy Commission, his landmark bureau.

Juan Peron's corpse was first transported by hearse to Buenos Aires Metropolitan Cathedral for a funeral mass the next day.

Isabel Juan Peron succeeded her husband to the presidency, but proved incapable of managing the country's political and economic problems, including the left-wing insurgency and the reactions of the extreme right.

Isabel Juan Peron's term ended abruptly on 24 March 1976, during a United States backed military coup d'etat.

Juan Peron greets supporters during a 12 June 1974 rally, his last.

Juan Peron nominated Campora to placate the Left, but their support for Juan Peron waned after the leader made them guilty by association for the growing wave of violence.

However, Juan Peron pointed to Allende as a cautionary example for the most radical of his followers.

Juan Peron praised Allende for his "valiant attitude" of committing suicide.

Juan Peron took note of the role of the United States in instigating the coup by recalling his familiarity with coup-making processes.

Pinochet and Juan Peron are both reported to have felt uncomfortable during the meeting.

Juan Peron expressed his wishes to settle the Beagle conflict and Pinochet his concerns about Chilean exiles in Argentina near the frontier with Chile.

Juan Peron would have conceded on moving these exiles from the frontiers to eastern Argentina, but he warned "Juan Peron takes his time, but accomplishes".

Juan Peron justified his meeting with Pinochet stating that it was important to keep good relations with Chile under all circumstances and with whoever might be in government.

Juan Peron was buried in La Chacarita Cemetery in Buenos Aires.

The relocation of Juan Peron's body offered his self-proclaimed illegitimate daughter, Martha Holgado, the opportunity to obtain a DNA sample from his corpse.

Juan Peron had attempted to have this DNA analysis performed for 15 years, and the test in November 2006 ultimately proved she was not his daughter.