161 Facts About President Andrew Jackson

Andrew Jackson was an American lawyer, planter, general, and statesman who served as the seventh president of the United States from 1829 to 1837.

President Andrew Jackson was born in the colonial Carolinas before the American Revolutionary War.

President Andrew Jackson became a frontier lawyer and married Rachel Donelson Robards.

President Andrew Jackson served briefly in the United States House of Representatives and the United States Senate, representing Tennessee.

President Andrew Jackson purchased a property later known as The Hermitage, becoming a wealthy planter who owned hundreds of African American slaves.

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The subsequent Treaty of Fort President Andrew Jackson required the Muscogee to surrender vast tracts of present-day Alabama and Georgia.

President Andrew Jackson later commanded US forces in the First Seminole War, which led to the annexation of Florida from Spain.

President Andrew Jackson briefly served as Florida's first territorial governor before returning to the Senate.

President Andrew Jackson won a plurality of the popular and electoral vote, but no candidate won an electoral majority.

President Andrew Jackson's supporters alleged that there was a "corrupt bargain" between Adams and Clay and founded the Democratic Party in response.

In 1830, President Andrew Jackson signed the Indian Removal Act, which forcibly removed most members of the major Native American tribes in the Southeast to Indian Territory.

President Andrew Jackson faced a challenge to the federal union when South Carolina threat to nullify a high protective tariff set by the federal government.

President Andrew Jackson threatened the use of military force to enforce the tariff, but the crisis was defused when it was amended.

In 1832, President Andrew Jackson vetoed a bill by Congress to reauthorize the Second Bank of the United States, arguing that it was a corrupt institution that benefited the wealthy.

In 1835, Jackson became the only president to pay off the national debt.

President Andrew Jackson survived the first assassination attempt on a sitting president.

President Andrew Jackson supported the presidencies of Martin Van Buren and James K Polk, as well as the annexation of Texas, which was accomplished shortly before his death.

President Andrew Jackson has been seen as a defender of democracy and the constitution, but he has been called a demagogue who ignored the law when it suited him and pitted people against each other for political gain.

President Andrew Jackson has been criticized for his stand against abolition and his Native American policy, which has been described as ethnic cleansing.

President Andrew Jackson's parents were Scots-Irish colonists Andrew Jackson and Elizabeth Hutchinson, Presbyterians who had emigrated from Ulster, Ireland in 1765.

President Andrew Jackson's father was born in Carrickfergus, County Antrim, around 1738, and his ancestors had crossed into Northern Ireland from Scotland after the Battle of the Boyne in 1690.

President Andrew Jackson later stated that he was born on the Crawford plantation, which is in Lancaster County, South Carolina, but second-hand evidence suggests that he might have been born at another uncle's home in North Carolina.

When President Andrew Jackson was young, Elizabeth thought he might become a minister and paid to have him schooled by a local clergyman.

President Andrew Jackson learned to read, write, work with numbers, and was exposed to Greek and Latin, but he was too strong-willed and hot-tempered for the ministry.

President Andrew Jackson refused, and the officer slashed him with a sword, leaving him with scars on his left hand and head.

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President Andrew Jackson fought his first duel, accusing another lawyer, Waightstill Avery, of impugning his character.

President Andrew Jackson began his new career in the frontier town of Nashville in 1788 and quickly moved up in social status.

President Andrew Jackson became a protege of William Blount, one of the most powerful men in the territory.

President Andrew Jackson was appointed attorney general in 1791 and judge advocate for the militia the following year.

President Andrew Jackson got involved in land speculation, eventually forming a partnership with fellow lawyer John Overton.

President Andrew Jackson became a member of the Democratic-Republican Party, the dominant party in Tennessee.

President Andrew Jackson was elected as a delegate to the Tennessee constitutional convention in 1796.

In Congress, President Andrew Jackson argued against the Jay Treaty, criticized George Washington for allegedly removing Democratic-Republicans from public office, and joined several other Democratic-Republican congressmen in voting against a resolution of thanks for Washington.

President Andrew Jackson advocated for the right of Tennesseans to militarily oppose Native American interests.

In 1802, President Andrew Jackson became major general, or commander, of the Tennessee militia, a position that was determined by a vote of the militia's officers.

President Andrew Jackson had almost gone bankrupt when the credit he used for land speculation collapsed in the wake of an earlier financial panic.

President Andrew Jackson had to sell Hunters Hill, as well as 25,000 acres of land he bought for speculation, and bought a smaller 420-acre plantation near Nashville that he would call The Hermitage.

President Andrew Jackson focused on recovering from his losses by becoming a successful planter and merchant.

In 1804, President Andrew Jackson had nine African American slaves; by 1820, he had over 100; and by his death in 1845, he had over 150.

President Andrew Jackson subscribed to the paternalistic idea of slavery, which claimed that slave ownership was morally acceptable as long as slaves were treated with humanity and their basic needs were cared for.

For example, in an 1804 advertisement to recover a runaway slave, President Andrew Jackson offered "ten dollars extra, for every hundred lashes any person will give him, to the amount of three hundred".

Later in the year, Jackson became involved in former vice president Aaron Burr's plan to conquer Spanish Florida and drive the Spanish from Texas.

In October 1806, President Andrew Jackson wrote James Winchester that the United States "can conquer not only the Floridas [at that time there was an East Florida and a West Florida], but all Spanish North America".

President Andrew Jackson warned the Governor of Louisiana William Claiborne and Tennessee Senator Daniel Smith that some of the people involved in the adventure might be intending to break away from the United States.

President Andrew Jackson testified before a grand jury at Burr's trial in 1807, implying that it was Burr's associate James Wilkinson who was guilty of treason, not Burr.

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President Andrew Jackson immediately offered to raise volunteers for the war, but he was not called to duty until after the United States military was repeatedly defeated in the American Northwest.

Nobody was killed, but President Andrew Jackson received a gunshot in the shoulder that nearly killed him.

President Andrew Jackson had not fully recovered from his wounds when Governor Blount called out the militia in September 1813.

President Andrew Jackson sent his cavalry under General Coffee ahead of the main force, destroying Red Stick villages and capturing supplies.

Later in the month, President Andrew Jackson defeated another band of Red Sticks who were besieging Creek allies at the Battle of Talladega.

President Andrew Jackson continued his scorched-earth campaign of burning villages, destroying supplies, and starving Red Stick women and children.

President Andrew Jackson then turned his attention to the British and Spanish.

President Andrew Jackson accused the Spanish governor of West Florida, Mateo Gonzalez Manrique, of arming the Red Sticks and threatened to attack.

Weeks later, President Andrew Jackson learned that the British were planning an attack on New Orleans, which was the gateway to the lower Missippi river and control of the American West.

President Andrew Jackson evacuated Pensacola, strengthened the garrison at Mobile, and led his troops to New Orleans.

President Andrew Jackson augmented his force by forming an alliance with Jean Lafitte's smugglers and raising units of free African-Americans and Muscogee, paying non-white volunteers the same salary as whites.

President Andrew Jackson refused to lift martial law and kept the militia under arms.

President Andrew Jackson approved the execution of six militiamen for desertion.

President Andrew Jackson then ordered all French citizens to leave the city within three days, and had a member of the Louisiana legislature, Louis Louaillier, arrested when he wrote a newspaper article criticizing President Andrew Jackson's continuation of martial law.

President Andrew Jackson's victory made him a national hero, and on February 27,1815, he was given the Thanks of Congress and awarded a Congressional Gold Medal.

President Andrew Jackson continued to displace the Native Americans in areas under his command.

President Andrew Jackson believed the best way to do this was to seize Florida from Spain once and for all.

President Andrew Jackson invaded Florida, captured the Spanish fort of St Marks, and occupied Pensacola.

President Andrew Jackson captured two British agents, Robert Ambrister and Alexander Arbuthnot, who had been working with the Seminole.

The United States reduced its military and President Andrew Jackson was forced to retire from his major general position.

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President Andrew Jackson served as the governor for two months, returning to the Hermitage in ill health.

In 1822, Jackson accepted a plan by Overton to nominate him as a candidate for the 1824 presidential election, and he was nominated by the Tennessee legislature in July.

President Andrew Jackson was intended to be a stalking horse candidate to prevent Tennessee's electoral votes from going to Crawford, who was seen as a Washington insider.

Unexpectedly, President Andrew Jackson garnered popular support outside of Tennessee and became a serious candidate.

President Andrew Jackson benefited from the expansion of suffrage among white males that followed the conclusion of the War of 1812.

President Andrew Jackson was a popular war hero whose reputation suggested he had the decisiveness and independence to bring change to how the government was run.

President Andrew Jackson was promoted as a Washington outsider who stood for all the people, blaming banks for the country's depression.

President Andrew Jackson was appointed chairman of the Committee on Military Affairs, but avoided debate or initiating legislation.

President Andrew Jackson used his time in the Senate to form alliances and make peace with old adversaries.

Eaton continued to campaign for President Andrew Jackson's presidency, updating his biography, and writing letters under a pseudonym that were quoted in newspapers around the country and so popular that they were reprinted in pamphlet form—President Andrew Jackson himself clearly had a part in their composition.

President Andrew Jackson was nominated by a Pennsylvania convention, making him not merely a regional candidate from the west but the leading national contender.

When Jackson won the Pennsylvania nomination, Calhoun dropped out of the presidential race.

President Andrew Jackson was the only candidate to win states outside of his regional base: Adams dominated New England, Crawford won Virginia and Georgia, and Clay took three western states.

Adams appointed Clay as his Secretary of State, leading supporters of President Andrew Jackson to accuse Clay and Adams of having struck a "corrupt bargain".

President Andrew Jackson was perceived as an intellectual elite who ignored the needs of the populace.

President Andrew Jackson was unable to accomplish anything because Congress blocked his proposals.

President Andrew Jackson gained powerful supporters in both the south and north, including Calhoun, who became Jackson's vice presidential running mate, and New York Senator Martin Van Buren.

President Andrew Jackson won 56 percent of the popular vote and 68 percent of the electoral vote.

The election ended the one-party system that had formed during the Era of Good Feelings as President Andrew Jackson's supporters coalesced into the Democratic Party and the various groups who did not support him eventually formed the Whig Party.

President Andrew Jackson was accused of being the son of an English prostitute and a mulatto, and he was labelled a slave trader who trafficked in human flesh.

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President Andrew Jackson was accused of adultery for living with Rachel before her divorce was finalized, an accusation that Rachel had heard.

President Andrew Jackson had been under stress throughout the election, and just as Jackson was preparing to head to Washington for his inauguration, she fell ill.

President Andrew Jackson did not live to see her husband become president, dying of a stroke or heart attack a few days later, and was buried on Christmas eve.

President Andrew Jackson chose Van Buren as Secretary of State, his friend John Eaton as Secretary of War, Samuel D Ingham as Secretary of Treasury, John Branch as Secretary of Navy, John M Berrien as Attorney General, and William T Barry as Postmaster General.

President Andrew Jackson invited the public to the White House, which was promptly overun by well-wishers who caused minor damage to its furnishings.

President Andrew Jackson argued that rotation in office was a democratic reform that reduced bureaucracy and corruption by preventing hereditary officeholding and made officeholders responsible to the popular will, but it functioned as political patronage, which came to be known as the spoils system.

President Andrew Jackson spent much of his time during his first two and a half years in office dealing with what came to be known as the "Petticoat Affair" or "Eaton Affair".

President Andrew Jackson had a reputation for being promiscuous, and like Rachel Jackson, she was accused of adultery.

President Andrew Jackson tried to compensate Van Buren by appointing him the Minister to Great Britain, but Calhoun blocked the nomination with a tie-breaking vote against it.

President Andrew Jackson's presidency marked the beginning of a national policy of Native American removal.

President Andrew Jackson's position was later made clear in the 1832 Supreme Court test case of this legislation, Worcester v Georgia.

President Andrew Jackson used the power of the federal government to enforce the separation of the Native American tribes and whites.

In 1830, President Andrew Jackson personally negotiated with the Chickasaw, who quickly agreed to move.

President Andrew Jackson was not successful in removing the Iroquois Confederation in New York, but when some members of the Meskwaki and the Sauk triggered the Black Hawk War by trying to cross back to the east side of the Mississippi, the peace treaties ratified after their defeat reduced their lands further.

President Andrew Jackson had removed almost all the Native Americans east of the Mississippi and south of Lake Michigan, about 70,000 people, from the United States; though it was done at the cost of an unknown number of Native American lives lost because of the unsanitary conditions and epidemics arising from their dislocation, as well as their resistance to expulsion.

President Andrew Jackson added over 170,000 square miles of land to the public domain, which primarily benefited the United States' agricultural interests.

The act benefited small farmers, as President Andrew Jackson allowed them to purchase moderate plots at low prices and offered squatters on land formerly belonging to Native Americans the option to purchase it before it was offered for sale to others.

President Andrew Jackson had to confront another challenge that had been building up since the beginning of his first term.

President Andrew Jackson suspected Calhoun of writing the Exposition and Protest, and opposed his interpretation.

President Andrew Jackson argued that Congress as a whole had full authority to enact tariffs and that a dissenting state was denying the will of the majority.

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President Andrew Jackson asked Congress to pass a "Force Bill" authorizing the military to enforce the tariff.

President Andrew Jackson saw it as an effective way to end the confrontation, but insisted on the passage of the Force Bill before he signed.

Under the Bank's stewardship, the country was economically healthy and the currency was stable, but President Andrew Jackson saw the Bank as a fourth branch of government run by an elite, what he called the "money power" that sought to control the labor and earnings of the "real people", who depend on their own efforts to succeed: the planters, farmers, mechanics and laborers.

President Andrew Jackson seemed open to keeping the Bank if it could include some degree of Federal oversight, limit its real estate holdings, and have its property subject to taxation by the states.

In 1831, Treasury Secretary Louis McLane told Biddle that President Andrew Jackson was open to chartering a modified version of the Bank, but Biddle did not consult President Andrew Jackson directly.

Privately, President Andrew Jackson expressed opposition to the Bank; publicly, he announced that he would leave the decision concerning the Bank in the hands of the people.

President Andrew Jackson was able to mobilize the Democratic Party's strong political networks.

Except for South Carolina, which passed the Ordinance of Nullification during the election month and refused to support any party by giving its votes to the future Governor of Virginia John B Floyd, the South supported Jackson for implementing the Indian Removal Act, as well as for his willingness to compromise by signing the Tariff of 1832.

President Andrew Jackson won the election by a landslide, receiving 55 percent of the popular vote and 219 electoral votes.

President Andrew Jackson saw his victory as a mandate to continue his war on the Bank's control over the national economy.

In 1833, President Andrew Jackson signed an executive order ending the deposit of Treasury receipts in the bank.

President Andrew Jackson's actions led those who disagreed with him to form the Whig Party.

President Andrew Jackson had Federal funds deposited into state banks friendly to the administration's policies, which critics called pet banks.

In January 1835, President Andrew Jackson paid off the national debt, the only time in US history that it had been accomplished.

President Andrew Jackson attacked Lawrence with his cane until others intervened to restrain Lawrence, who was later found not guilty by reason of insanity and institutionalized.

President Andrew Jackson considered the issue too divisive to the nation and to the delicate alliances of the Democratic party, } while sympathetic newspapers argued for excluding slavery from federal politics and keeping it at the state level.

President Andrew Jackson's view was challenged when the American Anti-Slavery Society formally agitated for abolition by sending anti-slavery tracts through the postal system into the South in 1835.

President Andrew Jackson condemned these agitators as "monsters" who should atone with their lives because they were attempting to destroy the Union by encouraging sectionalism.

President Andrew Jackson saw these as election-year attempts by Whigs to undermine the Democrats.

President Andrew Jackson asked Congress in 1834 to authorize reprisals against French property if the country failed to make payment, as well as to arm for defense.

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President Andrew Jackson was concerned because Texas had legalized slavery, which was an issue that could divide the Democrats during the 1836 election.

President Andrew Jackson recognized the Republic of Texas on the last full day of his presidency, March 3,1837.

When Chief Justice Marshall died in 1835, President Andrew Jackson nominated Taney for Chief Justice; he was confirmed by the new Senate, serving as chief justice until 1864.

President Andrew Jackson was regarded with respect during his career on the bench, but he is most remembered for his decision in Dred Scott v Sandford.

In 1837, President Andrew Jackson retired to the Hermitage and immediately began putting its affairs in order, as it had been poorly managed in his absence.

President Andrew Jackson supported an Independent Treasury system as a solution to the panic, which would hold the money balances of the government in the form of gold or silver and would be restricted from printing paper money to prevent further inflation.

President Andrew Jackson favored James K Polk as vice presidential candidate, but no candidate for that office was chosen.

President Andrew Jackson was encouraged because Tyler was not bound to party loyalties.

President Andrew Jackson lobbied for the annexation of Texas, insisting that it belonged to the United States as part of the Louisiana Purchase.

President Andrew Jackson thought that annexation would cause national division over slavery, but feared the British could use Texas as a base to threaten the United States.

Polk defeated Van Buren for the nomination, and President Andrew Jackson convinced Taylor not to run as an independent by bringing him back into the Democratic Party.

President Andrew Jackson died of dropsy and heart failure aged 78, on June 8,1845, surrounded by family and friends at his deathbed.

President Andrew Jackson had three Creek children living with them: Lyncoya, a Creek orphan President Andrew Jackson had adopted after the Battle of Tallushatchee, and two boys they called Theodore, and Charley.

President Andrew Jackson had a reputation for being short-tempered and violent, which terrified his opponents.

President Andrew Jackson was able to use his temper strategically to accomplish what he wanted.

President Andrew Jackson could keep it in check when necessary: his behavior was friendly and urbane when he went to Washington as Senator during the campaign leading up to the 1824 election.

For example, on the last day of his presidency, Jackson declared he had only two regrets: that he had not hanged Henry Clay or shot John C Calhoun.

President Andrew Jackson considered threats to his friends as threats to himself, but he demanded unquestioning loyalty in return.

In 1838, President Andrew Jackson became an official member of the First Presbyterian Church in Nashville.

President Andrew Jackson continues to polarize opinions and his legacy—his impact on American politics, his Native American policy, and his personality—remains controversial.

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President Andrew Jackson argued that the sovereign power of the people lies in the constitution, not the state or the courts, and that the president had a right to interpret laws independently of the judiciary.

President Andrew Jackson asserted that because the government represents the majority, it has no right to grant favors such as corporate charters or subsidies to a privileged few.

President Andrew Jackson was seen as its personification, an individual free of societal constraints who can achieve great things.

Schlesinger quotes Roosevelt as saying that President Andrew Jackson's heritage is "his unending contributions to the vitality of our democracy".

Removal of Native Americans from lands claimed by the United States had been a goal of the government long before Jackson became president, and Jackson had played a key role in negotiating treaties removing Native American tribes from their land.

President Andrew Jackson felt the Indian Removal Act was the key to national development.

When President Andrew Jackson introduced the Indian Removal Act, he presented it as voluntary.

President Andrew Jackson argued that deportation was the most humane solution to address the ongoing problems between Native Americans and whites; otherwise, Native Americans would eventually be conquered by war or subjugated by the states, which would lead to their annihilation.

Some contemporary historians have agreed with Benton, adding that President Andrew Jackson's solution was the best available at the time and it achieved its goal of allowing the Native American tribes to survive.

President Andrew Jackson was one of the greatest generals, and wholly ignorant of the art of war.

President Andrew Jackson was the most candid of men, and was capable of the most profound dissimulation.

President Andrew Jackson has been represented as a statesman who substantially advanced the spirit of democracyand upheld the foundations of American constitutionalism, as well as a dominating personality who knew how to wield power to crush opposition and trampled the law.

President Andrew Jackson's legacy has been variously interpreted by other presidents.

Franklin Roosevelt used President Andrew Jackson to redefine the Democratic party, describing him as a defender of the exploited and downtrodden and as a fighter for social justice and human rights.

Donald Trump used Jackson's legacy to present an image of himself as the president of the common man, praising Jackson for saving the country from a rising aristocracy and protecting American workers with a tariff.

The unresolved issues about the meaning of President Andrew Jackson's actions reflect the ongoing questions that Americans face when judging the origins and meaning of their democracy.