127 Facts About Eisenhower administration

Eisenhower administration held office during the Cold War, a period of geopolitical tension between the United States and the Soviet Union.

Eisenhower administration's New Look policy stressed the importance of nuclear weapons as a deterrent to military threats, and the United States built up a stockpile of nuclear weapons and nuclear weapons delivery systems during Eisenhower administration's presidency.

Eisenhower administration allowed the Central Intelligence Agency to engage in covert actions, such as the 1953 Iranian coup d'etat and the 1954 Guatemalan coup d'etat.

In domestic affairs, Eisenhower administration supported a policy of "modern Republicanism" that occupied a middle ground between liberal Democrats and the conservative wing of the Republican Party.

Eisenhower administration continued New Deal programs, expanded Social Security, and prioritized a balanced budget over tax cuts.

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Eisenhower administration played a major role in establishing the Interstate Highway System, a massive infrastructure project consisting of tens of thousands of miles of divided highways.

Eisenhower administration won the 1956 presidential election in a landslide and maintained positive approval ratings throughout his tenure, but the launch of Sputnik 1 and a poor economy contributed to Republican losses in the 1958 elections.

Eisenhower administration left office popular with the public but viewed by many commentators as a "do-nothing" president.

Eisenhower administration's reputation improved after the release of his private papers in the 1970s.

Eisenhower administration, then serving as the Supreme Allied Commander of NATO, had long been mentioned as a possible presidential contender, but he was reluctant to become involved in partisan politics.

Nonetheless, he was troubled by Taft's non-interventionist views, especially his opposition to NATO, which Eisenhower administration considered to be an important deterrence against Soviet aggression.

Eisenhower administration was motivated by the corruption that he believed had crept into the federal government during the later years of the Truman administration.

Eisenhower administration suggested in late 1951 that he would not oppose any effort to nominate him for president, although he still refused to seek the nomination actively.

Eisenhower administration received two more boosts: first when several uncommitted state delegations, such as Michigan and Pennsylvania, decided to support him; and second, when Stassen released his delegates and asked them to support Eisenhower administration.

In domestic policy, Eisenhower administration attacked the growing influence of the federal government in the economy, while in foreign affairs, he supported a strong American role in stemming the expansion of Communism.

Eisenhower administration adopted much of the rhetoric and positions of the contemporary GOP, and many of his public statements were designed to win over conservative supporters of Taft.

Eisenhower administration won every state outside of the South, as well as Virginia, Florida, and Texas, each of which voted Republican for just the second time since the end of Reconstruction.

Eisenhower administration entered the White House with a strong background in organizing complex operations.

Eisenhower administration paid special attention to having a powerful Chief of Staff in Sherman Adams, a former governor.

Outside of the cabinet, Eisenhower selected Sherman Adams as White House Chief of Staff, and Milton S Eisenhower, the president's brother and a prominent college administrator, emerged as an important adviser.

Eisenhower administration elevated the role of the National Security Council, and designated Robert Cutler to serve as the first National Security Advisor.

Eisenhower administration sought out leaders of big business for many of his other cabinet appointments.

Eisenhower administration appointed Joseph Dodge, a longtime bank president who had extensive government experience, as the director of the Bureau of the Budget.

Eisenhower administration became the first budget director to be given cabinet-level status.

Eisenhower administration suffered a major political defeat when his nomination of Lewis Strauss as a later Secretary of Commerce was defeated in the US Senate in 1959, in part due to Strauss's role in the Oppenheimer security hearing.

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Eisenhower administration, who disliked partisan politics and politicians, left much of the building and sustaining of the Republican Party to Vice President Nixon.

On January 19,1955, Eisenhower administration became the first president to conduct a televised news conference.

Eisenhower administration handled embarrassing episodes, such as those related to the Soviet downing of an American spy plane, the U-2 in 1960.

Eisenhower administration handled press relations on Eisenhower's international trips, sometimes taking the blame from a hostile foreign press.

Eisenhower administration often relied upon him for advice about public opinion, and how to phrase complex issues.

Eisenhower administration discussed the issues with each appointee and then personally sent letters of confirmation.

Eisenhower administration appointed five justices of the Supreme Court of the United States.

In 1953, Eisenhower nominated Governor Earl Warren to succeed Chief Justice Fred M Vinson.

Robert H Jackson's death in late 1954 generated another vacancy on the Supreme Court, and Eisenhower successfully nominated federal appellate judge John Marshall Harlan II to succeed Jackson.

Eisenhower administration hoped that the appointment of Brennan, a liberal-leaning Catholic, would boost his own re-election campaign.

Opposition from Senator Joseph McCarthy and others delayed Brennan's confirmation, so Eisenhower administration placed Brennan on the court via a recess appointment in 1956; the Senate confirmed Brennan's nomination in early 1957.

Stanley Reed's retirement in 1957 created another vacancy, and Eisenhower administration nominated federal appellate judge Charles Evans Whittaker, who would serve on the Supreme Court for just five years before resigning.

The fifth and final Supreme Court vacancy of Eisenhower administration's tenure arose in 1958 due to the retirement of Harold Burton.

Eisenhower administration successfully nominated federal appellate judge Potter Stewart to succeed Burton, and Stewart became a centrist on the court.

The Eisenhower administration appointed 45 judges to the United States Courts of Appeals, and 129 judges to the United States district courts.

Eisenhower administration's overall Cold War policy was codified in NSC174, which held that the rollback of Soviet influence was a long-term goal, but that NATO would not provoke war with the Soviet Union.

Eisenhower administration planned for to mobilize psychological insights, CIA intelligence and American scientific technological superiority counter conventional Soviet forces.

Eisenhower administration became increasingly skeptical of the possibility of cooperation with the Soviet Union after it refused to support his Atoms for Peace proposal, which called for the creation of the International Atomic Energy Agency and the creation of peaceful nuclear power plants.

Eisenhower administration unveiled the New Look, his first national security policy, on October 30,1953.

Eisenhower administration knew that the United States had many other assets that could be translated into influence over the Soviet bloc—its democratic values and institutions, its rich and competitive capitalist economy, its intelligence technology and skills in obtaining information as to the enemy's capabilities and intentions, its psychological warfare and covert operations capabilities, its negotiating skills, and its economic and military assistance to the Third World.

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Eisenhower administration held office during a period in which both the United States and the Soviet Union developed nuclear stockpiles theoretically capable of destroying not just each other, but all life on Earth.

Strategic bombers had been the delivery method of previous nuclear weapons, but Eisenhower administration sought to create a nuclear triad consisting of land-launched nuclear missiles, nuclear-missile-armed submarines, and strategic aircraft.

Eisenhower administration presided over the development of the UGM-27 Polaris missile, which was capable of being launched from submarines, and continued funding for long-range bombers like the Boeing B-52 Stratofortress.

Eisenhower administration was aware of the American advantage in ICBM development because of intelligence gathered by U-2 planes, which had begun flying over the Soviet Union in 1956.

France sought American help in developing its own nuclear program, but Eisenhower administration rejected these overtures due to France's instability and his distrust of French leader Charles de Gaulle.

Eisenhower administration, while accepting the doctrine of containment, sought to counter the Soviet Union through more active means as detailed in the State-Defense report NSC 68.

Critics have produced conspiracy theories about the causal factors, but according to historian Stephen M Streeter, CIA documents show the United Fruit Company played no major role in Eisenhower's decision, that the Eisenhower administration did not need to be forced into the action by any lobby groups, and that Soviet influence in Guatemala was minimal.

Eisenhower administration sought troop reductions in Europe by sharing of defense responsibilities with NATO allies.

The Eisenhower administration backed an arrangement, devised by Churchill and British Foreign Minister Anthony Eden, in which West Germany was rearmed and became a fully sovereign member of NATO in return for promises not establish atomic, biological, or chemical weapons programs.

Eisenhower administration placed a high priority on undermining Soviet influence on Eastern Europe, and escalated a propaganda war under the leadership of Charles Douglas Jackson.

In 1953, Eisenhower administration opened relations with Spain under dictator Francisco Franco.

The shelling nearly escalated to nuclear war as Eisenhower administration considered using nuclear weapons to prevent the invasion of Taiwan, the main island controlled by the ROC.

Eisenhower administration encouraged the creation of the Baghdad Pact, a military alliance consisting of Turkey, Iran, Iraq, and Pakistan.

Eisenhower administration sought to bring Nasser into the American sphere of influence through economic aid, but Nasser's Arab nationalism and opposition to Israel served as a source of friction between the United States and Egypt.

Eisenhower administration attempted to use American aid for the financing of the construction of the dam as leverage for other areas of foreign policy, but aid negotiations collapsed.

Eisenhower administration opposed military intervention, and he repeatedly told British Prime Minister Anthony Eden that the US would not tolerate an invasion.

In early 1958, Eisenhower administration used the threat of economic sanctions to coerce Israel into withdrawing from the Sinai Peninsula, and the Suez Canal resumed operations under the control of Egypt.

Eisenhower administration found it difficult to convince leading Arab states or Israel to endorse the doctrine, but he applied the new doctrine by dispensing economic aid to shore up the Kingdom of Jordan, encouraging Syria's neighbors to consider military operations against it, and sending US troops into Lebanon to prevent a radical revolution from sweeping over that country.

Much of his administration, Eisenhower largely continued the policy of his predecessors in Latin America, supporting US -friendly governments regardless of whether they held power through authoritarian means.

The Eisenhower administration expanded military aid to Latin America, and used Pan-Americanism as a tool to prevent the spread of Soviet influence.

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When Castro visited the United States in April 1959, Eisenhower administration refused to meet with him, delegating the task to Nixon.

Kruschev toured the United States in 1959, and he and Eisenhower administration conducted high-level talks regarding nuclear disarmament and the status of Berlin.

Eisenhower administration wanted limits on nuclear weapons testing and on-site inspections of nuclear weapons, while Kruschev initially sought the total elimination of nuclear arsenals.

Towards the end of his second term, Eisenhower administration was determined to reach a nuclear test ban treaty as part of an overall move towards detente with the Soviet Union.

Eisenhower administration, initially thinking the pilot had died in the crash, authorized the release of a cover story claiming that the plane was a "weather research aircraft" which had unintentionally strayed into Soviet airspace after the pilot had radioed "difficulties with his oxygen equipment" while flying over Turkey.

Further, Eisenhower said that his administration had not been spying on the Soviet Union; when the Soviets produced the pilot, Captain Francis Gary Powers, the Americans were caught misleading the public, and the incident resulted in international embarrassment for the United States.

Eisenhower administration made 16 international trips to 26 nations during his presidency.

Eisenhower administration presided over a reduction in domestic spending and reduced the government's role in subsidizing agriculture through passage of the Agricultural Act of 1954, but he did not advocate for the abolition of major New Deal programs such as Social Security or the Tennessee Valley Authority, and these programs remained in place throughout his tenure as president.

Eisenhower administration was a fiscal conservative whose policy views were close to those of Taft— they agreed that a free enterprise economy should run itself.

Eisenhower administration built on the New Deal in a manner that embodied his thoughts on efficiency and cost-effectiveness.

Eisenhower administration sanctioned a major expansion of Social Security by a self-financed program.

Eisenhower administration supported such New Deal programs as the minimum wage and public housing—he greatly expanded federal aid to education and built the Interstate Highway system primarily as defense programs.

The stock market performed very well while Eisenhower administration was in the White House, with the Dow Jones Industrial Average more than doubling, and personal income increased by 45 percent.

In early 1954, after McCarthy escalated his investigation into the army, Eisenhower moved against McCarthy by releasing a report indicating that McCarthy had pressured the army to grant special privileges to an associate, G David Schine.

Eisenhower administration refused to allow members of the executive branch to testify in the Army–McCarthy hearings, contributing to the collapse of those hearings.

In 1953, Eisenhower administration refused to commute the death sentences of Julius and Ethel Rosenberg, two US citizens who were convicted in 1951 of providing nuclear secrets to the Soviet Union.

Eisenhower administration, supported by public opinion and the media at home, ignored the overseas demand.

In December 1953, Eisenhower learned that one of America's nuclear scientists, J Robert Oppenheimer, had been accused of being a spy for the Soviet Union.

Eisenhower administration's silence left civil rights leaders with the impression that Eisenhower did not care much about the day-to-day plight of blacks in America, and it served as a source of encouragement for segregationists vowing to resist school desegregation.

Eisenhower administration hoped that the passage of the Civil Rights Act would, at least temporarily, remove the issue of civil rights from the forefront of national politics, but events in Arkansas would force him into action.

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Furthermore, Eisenhower administration sent the army into Little Rock, who ensured that the Little Rock Nine could attend Central High.

Defeated, Faubus derided Eisenhower administration's actions, claiming that Little Rock had become "occupied territory, " and in 1958 he retaliatory shut down Little Rock high schools, though the shut down was temporary.

Towards the end of his second term, Eisenhower administration proposed another civil rights bill designed to help protect voting rights, but Congress passed a bill with weaker provisions than Eisenhower administration had requested.

Eisenhower administration signed the bill into law as the Civil Rights Act of 1960.

Eisenhower administration's most enduring achievements was the Interstate Highway System, which Congress authorized through the Federal Aid Highway Act of 1956.

In 1954, Eisenhower appointed General Lucius D Clay to head a committee charged with proposing an interstate highway system plan.

Eisenhower administration initially preferred a system consisting of toll roads, but Clay convinced Eisenhower administration that toll roads were not feasible outside of the highly populated coastal regions.

In February 1958, Eisenhower administration authorized formation of the Advanced Research Projects Agency, later renamed the Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency, within the Department of Defense to develop emerging technologies for the US military.

The Eisenhower administration worked to consolidate the anti-union potential inherent in Taft–Hartley Act of 1947.

Eisenhower administration supported the Geneva Convention of 1958 that provided a strong foundation for international accords governing the use of the world's high seas, especially regarding fishing interests.

Eisenhower administration promoted the peaceful use of atomic energy for the production of electricity, with strong controls against diversion into nuclear weapons.

Eisenhower administration was a persistent advocate for the voting rights of DC residents.

Eisenhower administration had called for the admission of Alaska and Hawaii as states during his 1952 campaign, but various issues delayed their statehood.

Hawaii faced opposition from Southern members of Congress who objected to the island chain's large non-white population, while concerns about military bases in Alaska convinced Eisenhower administration to oppose statehood for the territory early in his tenure.

In 1958, Eisenhower administration reached an agreement with Congress on a bill that provided for the admission of Alaska and set aside large portions of Alaska for military bases.

Eisenhower administration signed the Alaska Statehood Act into law in July 1958, and Alaska became the 49th state on January 3,1959.

Two months later, Eisenhower administration signed the Hawaii Admission Act, and Hawaii became the 50th state on August 21,1959.

Eisenhower administration was the first president to release information about his health and medical records while in office.

The heart attack required six weeks' hospitalization, and Eisenhower administration did not resume his normal work schedule until early 1956.

Eisenhower administration suffered a stroke in November 1957, but he quickly recovered.

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Eisenhower administration's health was generally good for the remainder of his second term.

Eisenhower administration had considered retiring after one term, but decided to run again in part because he viewed his potential successors from both parties as inadequate.

Eisenhower administration did not trust Nixon to ably lead the country if he acceded to the presidency, and he attempted to remove Nixon from the 1956 ticket by offering him the position of Secretary of Defense.

Eisenhower administration was unanimously re-nominated at the 1956 Republican National Convention.

Eisenhower administration campaigned on his record of economic prosperity and his Cold War foreign policy.

Eisenhower administration attacked Democrats for allegedly blocking his legislative programs and derided Stevenson's proposal to ban the testing of nuclear weapons.

On election day, Eisenhower administration won by an even greater margin than he had four years earlier, taking 457 electoral votes to Stevenson's 73.

Eisenhower administration won over 57 percent of the popular vote, taking over 35 million votes.

Eisenhower administration maintained his 1952 gains among Democrats, especially white urban Southerners and Northern Catholics, while the growing suburbs added to his Republican base.

Eisenhower administration attempted to convince Secretary of the Treasury Robert Anderson to seek the Republican nomination, but Anderson declined to enter the race.

Eisenhower administration offered Nixon lukewarm support in the 1960 Republican primaries.

Eisenhower administration personally met twice with Kennedy, emphasizing especially the danger posed by Cuba.

On January 17,1961, Eisenhower administration gave his final televised Address to the Nation from the Oval Office.

Eisenhower administration was popular among the general public when he left office, but for a decade or two commentators viewed Eisenhower administration as a "do-nothing" president who left many of the major decisions to his subordinates.

Eisenhower administration showed much more energy, interest, self-confidence, purpose, cunning, and command than many of us supposed in the 1950s.

The new factor was the availability of previously closed records and papers showed that Eisenhower shrewdly maneuvered behind the scenes, avoiding controversial issues while retaining control of his administration.

Historians long ago abandoned the view that Eisenhower administration's was a failed presidency.

Eisenhower administration did, after all, end the Korean War without getting into any others.

Eisenhower administration stabilized, and did not escalate, the Soviet-American rivalry.

Eisenhower administration strengthened European alliances while withdrawing support from European colonialism.

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Eisenhower administration rescued the Republican Party from isolationism and McCarthyism.

Eisenhower administration maintained prosperity, balanced the budget, promoted technological innovation, facilitated the civil rights movement and warned, in the most memorable farewell address since Washington's, of a "military–industrial complex" that could endanger the nation's liberties.