208 Facts About Dwight Eisenhower

Dwight Eisenhower was born into a large family of mostly Pennsylvania Dutch ancestry in Denison, Texas, and raised in Abilene, Kansas.

Dwight Eisenhower's family had a strong religious background, and his mother became a Jehovah's Witness.

Dwight Eisenhower graduated from West Point in 1915 and later married Mamie Doud, with whom he had two sons.

In 1952, Eisenhower entered the presidential race as a Republican to block the isolationist foreign policies of Senator Robert A Taft, who opposed NATO and wanted no foreign entanglements.

Dwight Eisenhower won that election and the 1956 election in landslides, both times defeating Adlai Stevenson II.

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Dwight Eisenhower's New Look policy of nuclear deterrence prioritized "inexpensive" nuclear weapons while reducing funding for expensive Army divisions.

Dwight Eisenhower continued Harry S Truman's policy of recognizing Taiwan as the legitimate government of China, and he won congressional approval of the Formosa Resolution.

Dwight Eisenhower's administration provided major aid to help the French fight off Vietnamese Communists in the First Indochina War.

Dwight Eisenhower supported regime-changing military coups in Iran and Guatemala orchestrated by his own administration.

Dwight Eisenhower condemned the Soviet invasion during the Hungarian Revolution of 1956 but took no action.

Dwight Eisenhower approved the Bay of Pigs Invasion, which was left to John F Kennedy to carry out.

Dwight Eisenhower covertly opposed Joseph McCarthy and contributed to the end of McCarthyism by openly invoking executive privilege.

Dwight Eisenhower signed the Civil Rights Act of 1957 and sent Army troops to enforce federal court orders which integrated schools in Little Rock, Arkansas.

Dwight Eisenhower's administration undertook the development and construction of the Interstate Highway System, which remains the largest construction of roadways in American history.

In 1957, following the Soviet launch of Sputnik, Dwight Eisenhower led the American response which included the creation of NASA and the establishment of a stronger, science-based education via the National Defense Education Act.

Hans's great-great-grandson, David Jacob Dwight Eisenhower, Dwight Eisenhower's father, was a college-educated engineer, despite his own father Jacob's urging to stay on the family farm.

Dwight Eisenhower's mother, Ida Elizabeth Dwight Eisenhower, born in Virginia, of predominantly German Protestant ancestry, moved to Kansas from Virginia.

Dwight Eisenhower developed a keen and enduring interest in exploring the outdoors.

Dwight Eisenhower learned about hunting and fishing, cooking, and card playing from an illiterate man named Bob Davis who camped on the Smoky Hill River.

Dwight Eisenhower persisted in reading the books in her collection and became a voracious reader on the subject.

Dwight Eisenhower's parents set aside specific times at breakfast and at dinner for daily family Bible reading.

The Dwight Eisenhower home served as the local meeting hall from 1896 to 1915, though Dwight Eisenhower never joined the International Bible Students.

Dwight Eisenhower attended Abilene High School and graduated with the class of 1909.

The doctor insisted that the leg be amputated but Dwight Eisenhower refused to allow it, and surprisingly recovered, though he had to repeat his freshman year.

Edgar took the first turn at school, and Dwight Eisenhower was employed as a night supervisor at the Belle Springs Creamery.

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At that time, a friend Edward "Swede" Hazlett was applying to the Naval Academy and urged Dwight Eisenhower to apply to the school, since no tuition was required.

Dwight Eisenhower then accepted an appointment to West Point in 1911.

At West Point, Dwight Eisenhower relished the emphasis on traditions and on sports, but was less enthusiastic about the hazing, though he willingly accepted it as a plebe.

Dwight Eisenhower was a regular violator of the more detailed regulations and finished school with a less than stellar discipline rating.

Dwight Eisenhower made the varsity football team and was a starter at halfback in 1912, when he tried to tackle the legendary Jim Thorpe of the Carlisle Indians.

Dwight Eisenhower suffered a torn knee while being tackled in the next game, which was the last he played; he re-injured his knee on horseback and in the boxing ring, so he turned to fencing and gymnastics.

Dwight Eisenhower later served as junior varsity football coach and cheerleader, which caught the attention of General Frederick Funston.

Dwight Eisenhower graduated from West Point in the middle of the class of 1915, which became known as "the class the stars fell on", because 59 members eventually became general officers.

In 1916, while stationed at Fort Sam Houston, Dwight Eisenhower was convinced by Funston to become the football coach for Peacock Military Academy, and later became the coach at St Louis College, now St Mary's University; Dwight Eisenhower was an honorary member of the Sigma Beta Chi fraternity at St Mary's University.

Dwight Eisenhower was a golf enthusiast later in life, and he joined the Augusta National Golf Club in 1948.

Dwight Eisenhower played golf frequently during and after his presidency and was unreserved in expressing his passion for the game, to the point of golfing during winter; he ordered his golf balls painted black so he could see them better against snow on the ground.

Dwight Eisenhower began painting while at Columbia University, after watching Thomas E Stephens paint Mamie's portrait.

Dwight Eisenhower's favorite reading material for relaxation were the Western novels of Zane Grey.

Dwight Eisenhower learned poker, which he called his "favorite indoor sport", in Abilene.

Dwight Eisenhower recorded West Point classmates' poker losses for payment after graduation and later stopped playing because his opponents resented having to pay him.

Dwight Eisenhower played even during the stressful weeks leading up to the D-Day landings.

Dwight Eisenhower was a strong player, though not an expert by modern standards.

Dwight Eisenhower is a calm and collected player and never whines at his losses.

Dwight Eisenhower is brilliant in victory but never commits the bridge player's worst crime of gloating when he wins.

Dwight Eisenhower served initially in logistics and then the infantry at various camps in Texas and Georgia until 1918.

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Dwight Eisenhower's unit was later ordered to France, but, to his chagrin, he received orders for the new tank corps, where he was promoted to brevet lieutenant colonel in the National Army.

Dwight Eisenhower assumed duties again at Camp Meade, Maryland, commanding a battalion of tanks, where he remained until 1922.

Dwight Eisenhower's schooling continued, focused on the nature of the next war and the role of the tank in it.

Dwight Eisenhower was even threatened with court-martial for continued publication of these proposed methods of tank deployment, and he relented.

Dwight Eisenhower first became executive officer to General Conner in the Panama Canal Zone, where, joined by Mamie, he served until 1924.

Dwight Eisenhower then served as a battalion commander at Fort Benning, Georgia, until 1927.

Dwight Eisenhower was assigned to the American Battle Monuments Commission directed by General Pershing, and with the help of his brother Milton Eisenhower, then a journalist at the U S Agriculture Department, he produced a guide to American battlefields in Europe.

Dwight Eisenhower then was assigned to the Army War College and graduated in 1928.

Dwight Eisenhower then was posted as chief military aide to General Douglas MacArthur, Army Chief of Staff.

Dwight Eisenhower had strong philosophical disagreements with MacArthur regarding the role of the Philippine Army and the leadership qualities that an American army officer should exhibit and develop in his subordinates.

Dwight Eisenhower'storians have concluded that this assignment provided valuable preparation for handling the challenging personalities of Winston Churchill, George S Patton, George Marshall, and Bernard Montgomery during World War II.

Dwight Eisenhower later emphasized that too much had been made of the disagreements with MacArthur and that a positive relationship endured.

Dwight Eisenhower was promoted to the rank of permanent lieutenant colonel in 1936.

Dwight Eisenhower learned to fly, making a solo flight over the Philippines in 1937, and obtained his private pilot's license in 1939 at Fort Lewis.

Dwight Eisenhower returned to the United States in December 1939 and was assigned as commanding officer of the 1st Battalion, 15th Infantry Regiment at Fort Lewis, Washington, later becoming the regimental executive officer.

Dwight Eisenhower was appointed Deputy Chief in charge of Pacific Defenses under the Chief of War Plans Division, General Leonard T Gerow, and then succeeded Gerow as Chief of the War Plans Division.

In November 1942, Dwight Eisenhower was appointed Supreme Commander Allied Expeditionary Force of the North African Theater of Operations through the new operational Headquarters Allied Force Headquarters .

Dwight Eisenhower was the first non-British person to command Gibraltar in 200 years.

French cooperation was deemed necessary to the campaign and Dwight Eisenhower encountered a "preposterous situation" with the multiple rival factions in France.

Dwight Eisenhower later appointed, as High Commissioner, General Henri Giraud, who had been installed by the Allies as Darlan's commander-in-chief.

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Dwight Eisenhower was initially indecisive in his removal of Lloyd Fredendall, commanding U S II Corps.

Dwight Eisenhower became more adroit in such matters in later campaigns.

Dwight Eisenhower gained his fourth star and gave up command of ETOUSA to become commander of NATOUSA.

Dwight Eisenhower was charged in these positions with planning and carrying out the Allied assault on the coast of Normandy in June 1944 under the code name Operation Overlord, the liberation of Western Europe and the invasion of Germany.

Dwight Eisenhower insisted that the British give him exclusive command over all strategic air forces to facilitate Overlord, to the point of threatening to resign unless Churchill relented, which he did.

Dwight Eisenhower then designed a bombing plan in France in advance of Overlord and argued with Churchill over the latter's concern with civilian casualties; de Gaulle interjected that the casualties were justified in shedding the yoke of the Germans, and Dwight Eisenhower prevailed.

Dwight Eisenhower had to skillfully manage to retain the services of the often unruly George S Patton, by severely reprimanding him when Patton earlier had slapped a subordinate, and then when Patton gave a speech in which he made improper comments about postwar policy.

Dwight Eisenhower was ever mindful of the inevitable loss of life and suffering that would be experienced on an individual level by the troops under his command and their families.

Once the coastal assault had succeeded, Dwight Eisenhower insisted on retaining personal control over the land battle strategy, and was immersed in the command and supply of multiple assaults through France on Germany.

Dwight Eisenhower worked tirelessly to address the demands of the rival commanders to optimize Allied forces, often by giving them tactical latitude; many historians conclude this delayed the Allied victory in Europe.

Dwight Eisenhower interacted adeptly with allies such as Winston Churchill, Field Marshal Bernard Montgomery and General Charles de Gaulle.

Dwight Eisenhower had serious disagreements with Churchill and Montgomery over questions of strategy, but these rarely upset his relationships with them.

Dwight Eisenhower dealt with Soviet Marshal Zhukov, his Russian counterpart, and they became good friends.

In December 1944, the Germans launched a surprise counteroffensive, the Battle of the Bulge, which the Allies turned back in early 1945 after Dwight Eisenhower repositioned his armies and improved weather allowed the Army Air Force to engage.

The British wanted to capture Berlin, but Dwight Eisenhower decided it would be a military mistake for him to attack Berlin, and said orders to that effect would have to be explicit.

In 1945, Dwight Eisenhower anticipated that someday an attempt would be made to recharacterize Nazi crimes as propaganda and took steps against it by demanding extensive still and movie photographic documentation of Nazi death camps.

Dwight Eisenhower reclassified German prisoners of war in U S custody as Disarmed Enemy Forces, who were no longer subject to the Geneva Convention.

Dwight Eisenhower's actions reflected the new American attitudes of the German people as Nazi victims not villains, while aggressively purging the ex-Nazis.

In November 1945, Dwight Eisenhower returned to Washington to replace Marshall as Chief of Staff of the Army.

Dwight Eisenhower was convinced in 1946 that the Soviet Union did not want war and that friendly relations could be maintained; he strongly supported the new United Nations and favored its involvement in the control of atomic bombs.

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However, by mid-1947, as east–west tensions over economic recovery in Germany and the Greek Civil War escalated, Dwight Eisenhower agreed with a containment policy to stop Soviet expansion.

In 1948, Dwight Eisenhower became President of Columbia University, an Ivy League university in New York City, where he was inducted into Phi Beta Kappa.

Dwight Eisenhower accepted the presidency of the university to expand his ability to promote "the American form of democracy" through education.

Dwight Eisenhower was clear on this point to the trustees involved in the search committee.

Dwight Eisenhower informed them that his main purpose was "to promote the basic concepts of education in a democracy".

Dwight Eisenhower returned to his post in New York in mid-May, and in July 1949 took a two-month vacation out-of-state.

Dwight Eisenhower was unknowingly building resentment and a reputation among the Columbia University faculty and staff as an absentee president who was using the university for his own interests.

Puzzled as to why no American university had undertaken the "continuous study of the causes, conduct and consequences of war", Dwight Eisenhower undertook the creation of the Institute of War and Peace Studies, a research facility whose purpose was to "study war as a tragic social phenomenon".

Dwight Eisenhower was able to use his network of wealthy friends and acquaintances to secure initial funding for it.

The Institute of War and Peace Studies thus become one of the projects which Dwight Eisenhower considered constituted his "unique contribution" to Columbia.

Dwight Eisenhower's tenure marked his transformation from military to civilian leadership.

Trustees of Columbia University declined to accept Dwight Eisenhower's offer to resign in December 1950, when he took an extended leave from the university to become the Supreme Commander of the North Atlantic Treaty Organization, and he was given operational command of NATO forces in Europe.

Dwight Eisenhower advised the participating European nations that it would be incumbent upon them to demonstrate their own commitment of troops and equipment to the NATO force before such would come from the war-weary United States.

At home, Dwight Eisenhower was more effective in making the case for NATO in Congress than the Truman administration had been.

Nevertheless, Dwight Eisenhower thought that NATO would become a truly European alliance, with the American and Canadian commitments ending after about ten years.

The effort was a long struggle; Dwight Eisenhower had to be convinced that political circumstances had created a genuine duty for him to offer himself as a candidate and that there was a mandate from the public for him to be their president.

Dwight Eisenhower defeated Taft for the nomination, having won critical delegate votes from Texas.

Dwight Eisenhower's campaign was noted for the simple slogan "I Like Ike".

Dwight Eisenhower insisted on campaigning in the South in the general election, against the advice of his campaign team, refusing to surrender the region to the Democratic Party.

The second issue centered on Dwight Eisenhower's relented decision to confront the controversial methods of Joseph McCarthy on his home turf in a Wisconsin appearance.

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Dwight Eisenhower promised to maintain a strong commitment against Communism while avoiding the topic of NATO; finally, he stressed a corruption-free, frugal administration at home.

Dwight Eisenhower defeated Democratic candidate Adlai Stevenson II in a landslide, with an electoral margin of 442 to 89, marking the first Republican return to the White House in 20 years.

Dwight Eisenhower brought a Republican majority in the House, by eight votes, and in the Senate, evenly divided with Vice President Nixon providing Republicans the majority.

Dwight Eisenhower was the last president born in the 19th century, and he was the oldest president-elect at age 62 since James Buchanan in 1856.

Dwight Eisenhower was the third commanding general of the Army to serve as president, after George Washington and Ulysses S Grant, and the last to have not held political office prior to being president until Donald Trump entered office in January 2017.

Dwight Eisenhower's voters were less likely to bring up his leadership record.

Truman and Dwight Eisenhower had minimal discussions about the transition of administrations due to a complete estrangement between them as a result of campaigning.

Dwight Eisenhower accepted their recommendations without exception; they included John Foster Dulles and George M Humphrey with whom he developed his closest relationships, as well as Oveta Culp Hobby.

Dwight Eisenhower's cabinet consisted of several corporate executives and one labor leader, and one journalist dubbed it "eight millionaires and a plumber".

Dwight Eisenhower upgraded the role of the National Security Council in planning all phases of the Cold War.

Dwight Eisenhower conducted the first pre-inaugural cabinet meeting in history in late 1952; he used this meeting to articulate his anti-communist Russia policy.

Dwight Eisenhower made greater use of press conferences than any previous president, holding almost 200 over his two terms.

Dwight Eisenhower saw the benefit of maintaining a good relationship with the press, and he saw value in them as a means of direct communication with the American people.

Dwight Eisenhower continued all the major New Deal programs still in operation, especially Social Security.

Dwight Eisenhower implemented racial integration in the Armed Services in two years, which had not been completed under Truman.

Dwight Eisenhower was among those who blamed the Old Guard for the losses, and he took up the charge to stop suspected efforts by the right wing to take control of the GOP.

Dwight Eisenhower initially planned on serving only one term, but he remained flexible in case leading Republicans wanted him to run again.

Dwight Eisenhower was recovering from a heart attack late in September 1955 when he met with his closest advisors to evaluate the GOP's potential candidates; the group concluded that a second term was well advised, and he announced that he would run again in February 1956.

Dwight Eisenhower was publicly noncommittal about having Nixon as the Vice President on his ticket; the question was an especially important one in light of his heart condition.

Dwight Eisenhower personally favored Robert B Anderson, a Democrat who rejected his offer, so Eisenhower resolved to leave the matter in the hands of the party.

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In 1956, Dwight Eisenhower faced Adlai Stevenson again and won by an even larger landslide, with 457 of 531 electoral votes and 57.

Dwight Eisenhower made full use of his valet, chauffeur, and secretarial support; he rarely drove or even dialed a phone number.

Dwight Eisenhower was an avid fisherman, golfer, painter, and bridge player, and preferred active rather than passive forms of entertainment.

Dwight Eisenhower championed and signed the bill that authorized the Interstate Highway System in 1956.

Dwight Eisenhower justified the project through the Federal Aid Highway Act of 1956 as essential to American security during the Cold War.

Dwight Eisenhower was assigned as an observer for the mission, which involved sending a convoy of Army vehicles coast to coast.

Dwight Eisenhower thought that an interstate highway system would be beneficial for military operations and would provide a measure of continued economic growth for the nation.

At the Geneva Conference, Eisenhower presented a proposal called "Open Skies" to facilitate disarmament, which included plans for Russia and the U S to provide mutual access to each other's skies for open surveillance of military infrastructure.

In 1954, Dwight Eisenhower articulated the domino theory in his outlook towards communism in Southeast Asia and in Central America.

Dwight Eisenhower believed that if the communists were allowed to prevail in Vietnam, this would cause a succession of countries to fall to communism, from Laos through Malaysia and Indonesia ultimately to India.

Dwight Eisenhower authorized the assassination of Congolese leader Patrice Lumumba in 1960.

In 1954, Dwight Eisenhower wanted to increase surveillance inside the Soviet Union.

The Eisenhower administration planned the Bay of Pigs Invasion to overthrow Fidel Castro in Cuba, which John F Kennedy was left to carry out.

Dwight Eisenhower then launched a national campaign that funded not just space exploration but a major strengthening of science and higher education.

The Dwight Eisenhower administration determined to adopt a non-aggressive policy that would allow "space-crafts of any state to overfly all states, a region free of military posturing and launch Earth satellites to explore space".

Fear spread through the United States that the Soviet Union would invade and spread communism, so Dwight Eisenhower wanted to not only create a surveillance satellite to detect any threats but ballistic missiles that would protect the United States.

In strategic terms, it was Dwight Eisenhower who devised the American basic strategy of nuclear deterrence based upon the triad of B-52 strategic bombers, land-based intercontinental ballistic missiles, and Polaris submarine-launched ballistic missiles .

In late 1952, Dwight Eisenhower went to Korea and discovered a military and political stalemate.

The armistice, which concluded despite opposition from Secretary Dulles, South Korean President Syngman Rhee, and within Dwight Eisenhower's party, has been described by biographer Ambrose as the greatest achievement of the administration.

Dwight Eisenhower had the insight to realize that unlimited war in the nuclear age was unthinkable, and limited war unwinnable.

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Point of emphasis in Dwight Eisenhower's campaign had been his endorsement of a policy of liberation from communism as opposed to a policy of containment.

Dwight Eisenhower continued Truman's policy of recognizing the Republic of China as the legitimate government of China, not the Peking regime.

Dwight Eisenhower received recommendations embracing every variation of response to the aggression of the Chinese communists.

Dwight Eisenhower thought it essential to have every possible option available to him as the crisis unfolded.

Dwight Eisenhower requested and secured from Congress their "Free China Resolution" in January 1955, which gave Eisenhower unprecedented power in advance to use military force at any level of his choosing in defense of Free China and the Pescadores.

Dwight Eisenhower openly threatened the Chinese communists with the use of nuclear weapons, authorizing a series of bomb tests labeled Operation Teapot.

Early in 1953, the French asked Dwight Eisenhower for help in French Indochina against the Communists, supplied from China, who were fighting the First Indochina War.

Dwight Eisenhower responded to the French defeat with the formation of the SEATO Alliance with the UK, France, New Zealand and Australia in defense of Vietnam against communism.

At that time the French and Chinese reconvened the Geneva peace talks; Dwight Eisenhower agreed the US would participate only as an observer.

In February 1955, Dwight Eisenhower dispatched the first American soldiers to Vietnam as military advisors to Diem's army.

President Dwight Eisenhower pledged his continued support, and a parade was held in Diem's honor in New York City.

Dwight Eisenhower told Kennedy he considered Laos "the cork in the bottle" with regard to the regional threat.

Dwight Eisenhower personally visited Spain in December 1959 to meet dictator Francisco Franco and consolidate his international legitimation.

Dwight Eisenhower therefore authorized the Central Intelligence Agency to overthrow Prime Minister Mohammad Mosaddegh.

In November 1956, Dwight Eisenhower forced an end to the combined British, French and Israeli invasion of Egypt in response to the Suez Crisis, receiving praise from Egyptian president Gamal Abdel Nasser.

Dwight Eisenhower publicly disavowed his allies at the United Nations, and used financial and diplomatic pressure to make them withdraw from Egypt.

Dwight Eisenhower explicitly defended his strong position against Britain and France in his memoirs, which were published in 1965.

Four days after Powers disappeared, the Dwight Eisenhower Administration had NASA issue a very detailed press release noting that an aircraft had "gone missing" north of Turkey.

Dwight Eisenhower refused to accede to Khrushchev's demands that he apologize.

Up until this event, Dwight Eisenhower felt he had been making progress towards better relations with the Soviet Union.

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Dwight Eisenhower stated it had all been ruined because of that "stupid U-2 business".

Dwight Eisenhower made clear his stance in his first State of the Union address in February 1953, saying "I propose to use whatever authority exists in the office of the President to end segregation in the District of Columbia, including the Federal Government, and any segregation in the Armed Forces".

Dwight Eisenhower told District of Columbia officials to make Washington a model for the rest of the country in integrating black and white public school children.

Dwight Eisenhower proposed to Congress the Civil Rights Act of 1957 and of 1960 and signed those acts into law.

Dwight Eisenhower demanded that Arkansas governor Orval Faubus obey the court order.

Dwight Eisenhower's administration contributed to the McCarthyist Lavender Scare with President Dwight Eisenhower issuing Executive Order 10450 in 1953.

Dwight Eisenhower had a Republican Congress for only his first two years in office; in the Senate, the Republican majority was by a one-vote margin.

Dwight Eisenhower was urged to respond directly and specify the various measures he had taken to purge the government of communists.

In December 1953, Eisenhower learned that one of America's nuclear scientists, J Robert Oppenheimer, had been accused of being a spy for the Soviet Union.

Dwight Eisenhower later suffered a major political defeat when his nomination of Strauss to be Secretary of Commerce was defeated in the Senate in 1959, in part due to Strauss's role in the Oppenheimer matter.

Dwight Eisenhower appointed the following Justices to the Supreme Court of the United States:.

Dwight Eisenhower began chain smoking cigarettes at West Point, often three or four packs a day.

Dwight Eisenhower joked that he "gave [himself] an order" to stop cold turkey in 1949.

Dwight Eisenhower was the first president to release information about his health and medical records while in office, but people around him deliberately misled the public about his health.

Dwight Eisenhower was treated by Dr Paul Dudley White, a cardiologist with a national reputation, who regularly informed the press of the President's progress.

Dwight Eisenhower's scheduled meeting with Indian Prime Minister Jawaharlal Nehru was postponed so he could recover at his farm.

Dwight Eisenhower was still recovering from this operation during the Suez Crisis.

Dwight Eisenhower suffered seven heart attacks from 1955 until his death.

Under the act, Dwight Eisenhower was entitled to receive a lifetime pension, state-provided staff and a Secret Service detail.

Dwight Eisenhower, who was the oldest president in history at that time, was succeeded by the youngest elected president, as Kennedy was 43.

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However, First Lady Mamie Dwight Eisenhower expressed concern to Second Lady Pat Nixon about the strain campaigning would put on his heart and wanted the President to back out of it without letting him know of her intervention.

Nixon reflected that if Dwight Eisenhower had carried out his expanded campaign schedule he might have had a decisive impact on the outcome of the election, especially in states that Kennedy won with razor-thin margins.

Dwight Eisenhower is buried inside the Place of Meditation, the chapel on the grounds of the Dwight Eisenhower Presidential Center in Abilene.

For eight years now, Dwight Eisenhower has neither commanded an army nor led a nation; and yet he remained through his final days the world's most admired and respected man, truly the first citizen of the world.

Dwight Eisenhower's reputation declined in the immediate years after he left office.

Dwight Eisenhower attracted criticism for his handling of the 1960 U-2 incident and the associated international embarrassment, for the Soviet Union's perceived leadership in the nuclear arms race and the Space Race, and for his failure to publicly oppose McCarthyism.

In particular, Eisenhower was criticized for failing to defend George C Marshall from attacks by Joseph McCarthy, though he privately deplored McCarthy's tactics and claims.

Dwight Eisenhower'storians long ago abandoned the view that Eisenhower's was a failed presidency.

Dwight Eisenhower did, after all, end the Korean War without getting into any others.

Dwight Eisenhower stabilized, and did not escalate, the Soviet–American rivalry.

Dwight Eisenhower strengthened European alliances while withdrawing support from European colonialism.

Dwight Eisenhower rescued the Republican Party from isolationism and McCarthyism.

Dwight Eisenhower maintained prosperity, balanced the budget, promoted technological innovation, facilitated the civil rights movement and warned, in the most memorable farewell address since Washington's, of a "military–industrial complex" that could endanger the nation's liberties.

Dwight Eisenhower looked to moderation and cooperation as a means of governance.

In doing so, Dwight Eisenhower was popular among the liberal wing of the Republican Party.

Dwight Eisenhower founded People to People International in 1956, based on his belief that citizen interaction would promote cultural interaction and world peace.

Dwight Eisenhower presented the medal as an expression of his appreciation and the medal is a keepsake reminder for the recipient.

Dwight D Eisenhower School for National Security and Resource Strategy is a senior war college of the Department of Defense's National Defense University in Washington, DC.

Dwight Eisenhower graduated from this school when it was previously known as the Army Industrial College.

Dwight Eisenhower was honored on a US one dollar coin, minted from 1971 to 1978.

Dwight Eisenhower's centenary was honored on a commemorative dollar coin issued in 1990.

Dwight Eisenhower received many honorary degrees from universities and colleges around the world.

Dwight Eisenhower was returned to active duty when he left office eight years later.